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== Teacher's Notes == | |||
'''Session 3''' | |||
Having looked at the Moon last session we turn our attention to the rest of the solar system – specifically focusing on the geology and evolution of these rocky bodies.<br /> | |||
* The voyager probes were the first close up look at the outer solar system – taking advantage of a rare “lining up” of the gas giants allowing one probe to flyby them all: video – The story of Voyager 2.<br /> | |||
:- http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/index.html<br /> | |||
:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2<br /> | |||
* Feb 14th 1991 Voyager took a departing valentine of the solar system – 6 of the 8 planets would prove visible in its final image before its cameras were shut down.<br /> | |||
:- http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager-20100212.html<br /> | |||
* The outer planets<br /> | |||
:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter<br /> | |||
:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn<br /> | |||
:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus<br /> | |||
:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune<br /> | |||
* Rocky bodies more interesting as we can see their surfaces.<br /> | |||
* Mimas has a Massive Crater http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimas_(moon)<br /> | |||
* Such craters also exist on Earth<br /> | |||
:- Manicouagan is clearly visible to astronauts<br /> | |||
:- http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=3325<br /> | |||
* The Moon also has many craters – although lava flows in the “seas” have covered over many of them.<br /> | |||
:- Image taken by Apollo 8<br /> | |||
:- Dating surfaces possible by looking at crater counts. No craters = young surface<br /> | |||
* Tycho crater can be seen unaided from the earth. The lines of ejecta cover <big>¼</big> of the near side of the Moon.<br /> | |||
:- Craters can be dated by the layering of the ejecta’s over older craters.<br /> | |||
:- Possible that the asteroid that formed tycho was linked to the asteroid that caused the K-T boundary extinction.<br /> | |||
:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_(crater) <br /> | |||
:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptistina_family<br /> | |||
* Olympus Mons – Not a crater but the biggest volcano in the solar system.<br /> | |||
:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_Mons<br /> | |||
* The moons of the gas giants are also rich with surface geology<br /> | |||
* Io – Jovian System – extremely volcanically active (notice no craters) due to extreme tidal heating from its close orbit with Jupiter<br /> | |||
:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon)<br /> | |||
:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_force<br /> | |||
* Europa – Jovian System – Surface also new – but made of water Ice. Theorised to be an ocean of liquid water beneath – kept liquid by the heat generated from radioactivity and tidal energies. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon) | |||
:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8mer%27s_determination_of_the_speed_of_light<br /> | |||
* Titan is the biggest moon in the solar system – all 3 phases of Methane appear to be present on Titan. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(moon)<br /> | |||
* The two stacked images are taken from Mars (top) and from Earth (bottom) only noticeable difference is the more red coloration in the sky.<br /> | |||
* Venus – covered in cloud – need Radar (next image) to see the surface<br /> | |||
:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus<br /> | |||
* Mercury – a planet smaller than titan... <br /> | |||
:- No atmosphere as it has been lost due to excessive heat, lack of a magnetic field and low gravity.<br /> | |||
:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_planet<br /> | |||
* The final image is one of the surface Mars showing evidence of the Martian Past.<br /> | |||
:- There are plenty of craters however also evidence of water flowing over this surface. <br /> | |||
:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_on_Mars<br /> | |||
'''Useful cloudy weather applications''' | |||
• Build a model space probe to carry a delicate payload into orbit.<br /> | |||
- Instrumentation simulated by an egg<br /> | |||
- Launch simulated by a large plastic box which you shake around for 10 seconds...<br /> | |||
