OER4Schools/Talking points and effective group work

Title: 3.4 - Talking points and effective group work
Number: 3.4

The OER4Schools Professional Learning Resource

• Click to reveal menu, or here for menu page.

  Introduction to OER4Schools

  2.3 - More on questioning

Table of contents.

3.4 - Talking points and effective group work >>>

Facilitator's version, Participants' version

Learning intentions and objectives.
In this session you will learn about:

• using talking points to support productive, open-ended discussion
• learning more about effective groupwork practices
• planning to recruit ‘classroom assistants’ from older grades

Success criteria.
To meet the learning intentions you will:

• discuss group work using talking points

ICT components.
The ICT components you will focus on are

• Planning of another lesson with ICT (Geogebra / slideshow / concept mapping / spreadsheets), for open-ended tasks

Classroom based activities (with your students, after this session):

• you will ...

Review of follow-up activities from last session

Educator note

If you are running a professional learning programme which follows these sessions in sequence, then you should do the review of follow-up activities relating to the (Category:OER4S CPD). The 'review of follow-up activities' for that session is available, and also shown below in the session text. However, if you are following selected sessions in a different order, then you should use the reflection appropriate to the previous session you did.

The review of the follow-up activities for this session (to be done at the start of the next session) is available here.

Educator note

There is no review of follow-up activities from last session available. You can go to the previous session () and.

Talking points on statements about group work

Whole class dialogue^(a) with talking points^(a) (15 min): Discussing statements about group work. Discuss (in groups of 4 or 5 for the first 5 minutes) whether the following statements about group work (talking points) are ‘true’, ‘false’ or ‘not sure’. Explain your reasoning. Tick (“V”) if your group agrees that they are true, cross (“X”) if your group agrees that they are false and question mark (“?”) if your group is not sure.

• Group work should finish in one lesson.
• Groups should be formed with the same pupils every time.
• Teacher should assist pupils for effective group work.
• All pupils in the group should be active during group work.
• Noise is not acceptable during group work.
• Agreements and disagreements are inevitable during group work.
• Mixed pace groups are better than same pace groups.
• Group work should always promote competition amongst different groups.
• Group work by pupils is free time for the teacher.
• Effective group work needs planning and preparation by the teacher before the lesson.

Discuss (as a whole group for the next 10 minutes) each talking point mentioned above. Each group should be prepared to explain their stance on any point, giving their reasons.

Educator note

Circulate during the first 5 minutes and listen for lively discussions that you can refer to during the whole group discussion. Remember, be selective when taking feedback from groups. Ask questions like:

• Does any group disagree with what this group has said?
• Does any group feel particularly strongly about any of the talking points?

Use the responses to these types of questions to build the whole group discussion.

Expect disagreements amongst groups about certain talking points. This is actually productive for the whole group as it promotes further discussion.

Encourage reasoning for all talking points. Get participants to explain why they agree or disagree with something?

Finally explain the concept of talking points: The above points stimulated participants discussion about group work. In the same way, you can use talking points in the classroom, e.g. when discussing a science topic.

Also remind the participants of the idea of "modelling": We use similar techniques in the workshops sessions to what we would use in the classroom.

About talking points

Background reading

Talking points

What are they?

Talking points are deliberately thought-provoking statements for discussion and reasoning in small groups.

Why use them?

Research shows that using talking points is an effective strategy to promote conceptual learning in a target area for the following reasons:

• They structure the group task yet keeps the discussion open-ended. This is because pupils discuss the points but are free to contribute their own understanding /opinion about the point. In other words, the task is well-defined as well as interactive.
• They help pupils to discuss different aspects of a concept by providing cues for discussion.
• They help to maintain the focus of discussion.

Planning a classroom activity with talking points

Same-task group work (10 min): Pair work on talking points. Work in pairs or threes with same-grade colleagues. Decide on a topic that you will be teaching this week. In the activity template, write down the talking points for that topic. Write at least 10 statements - some of which are true, some are false and some can either be true or false, depending on certain factors. Here are some ideas:

• Things stop when they run out of force.
• Light can travel through water, air, and space.
• Sound can travel through water, air, and space.
• Things that give out light (like the sun) are always hot.
• Dark is a form of energy that is weaker than light.
• There is no gravity above the earth’s atmosphere.
• The air is too light to be affected by the earth’s gravity.
• You can reduce pressure by spreading weight out over a larger area.
• Money causes a lot of problems for people.
• Poor people are lazy.
• Some people, like footballers, get paid too much.
• There is never a good reason to steal money.
• Throwing rubbish into a pit is a good way of getting rid of it.
• You cannot throw things away, because there is no such place as ‘away’.
• Recycling means that you don’t cause any damage to the environment.
• The best way of getting from one town to another is by plane.
• Trains are a really slow way of travelling.
• Heating food is the same as burning it.

Background reading

You can look at this website http://thinkingtogether.educ.cam.ac.uk/resources/ to learn more about talking points

Effective group work practices

Research on co-operative learning methods (by Bob Slavin and colleagues) has long established that pupils learn mathematics significantly better if they work in small groups structured in a specific way. That is, they learn best if

• they work in 4-member groups (with mixed performance levels) toward a common goal;
• achieving that goal depends on the individual learning of all team members.

The group size of course depends on the task that you are doing, but often a group size of around 4 seems to work well in the Zambian context.

Individual accountability.^{(Relates to: LfL, )} Children might be assessed separately, and the group score then depends on those individual performances – individual accountability leading to team scores. Individual assessment is the most common scenario, i.e. children are given a brief quiz, where group members cannot help. Or there could be a random process (“random reporter”): “Number 2s should now represent their teams.” Teacher doesn’t know who the number 2s are, but the children do, and the corresponding children respond, justifying their answers etc. They in turn do not know in advance which number will be chosen - so everyone has to be ready or the team will not succeed!

Whole class dialogue (10 min) on structuring group work and individual accountability. How would you structure group work, to encourage individual accountability?

Educator note

You can link individual accountability to the use of mini blackboards. Learners could hold up mini blackboards or use another technique.

Team building exercises. You are forming “unlikely” groups (boys/girls, different achievement, different ethnic origins), so team building is needed. Take some account of friendship if conflicts may cause difficulties.

Whole class dialogue (5 min): brainstorm on team building. What activities can you think of that you can use for team building?

ICT practice: Different-tasks group work with ICT and activity planning

Different-tasks group work (20 min) with ICT on various topics. As usual, you now have an opportunity to work on your own ICT skills. In this session, we introduce Spreadsheets with OpenOffice Calc.

As you work on your ICT skills, you should think about planning of another lesson with ICT (involving spreadsheets, Geogebra, slideshows, concept mapping). Remember to keep up the typing tutor practice too!

Here are some exercises for spreadsheets to get you started. In this session, you might only try to do the first few of these exercises. You will have an opportunity to continue this in your own time and in the next session.

This activity will orientate you to make use of OpenOffice for creating spreadsheets and databases which can be useful for investigating maths and science problems. You will need to access a computer/laptop/netbook and internet. Access a web browser and navigate to this page: http://inpics.net/calc.html

We suggest that you go through some of the exercises on the page in this order:

1. Basic Calculations

• Add
• Subtract
• Multiply
• Divide
• Calculate averages
• Find the maximum value

2. Formatting Worksheets

• Format text
• Format cells
• Adjust columns and rows
• Print worksheets

3. Manipulating Data

• Move, copy, and paste
• Add / delete columns
• Add / delete rows
• Employ multiple worksheets
• Employ AutoFill
• Insert / delete worksheets

4. Advanced Calculations

• Create formulas across worksheets
• Employ absolute references
• Employ the function wizard

5. Making Data Visible

• Add notes
• Freeze panes
• Create charts

You can print this content on a separate sheet here: OER4Schools/Spreadsheet exercises.

Connecting with overarching goals of the programme

Open space (10 min). It's now time for the "open space", that gives you an opportunity to discuss issues that have arisen, and to relate those to the broader context of the programme. Do not just gloss over this section, but make time to raise issues, and probe the progress that you are making. You could use this space to:

• Remind yourselves of the of the Most Significant Change Technique, and e.g. collect more of your stories.
• Discuss your assessment portfolios: Is there anything that you are unsure about? Is it going well? What could be done better?
• Check on the work with the classroom assistants: Is this going well? Are there any tensions? Any observations or tips you can share?
• Reviewing individual ICT practise (such as typing practise).
• If you are preparing a presentation for other teachers, you could work on the presentation (about what you have been learning, stories emerging from MSC).
• Remind those who are doing audio diaries, to upload them.
• You could discuss any other issues that have arisen.

You will find notes and summaries of various techniques and concepts on our reference page, and you might want to refer to those for clarification during this activity if needed.

Follow-up activities

Agreeing follow-up activities (5 min).

Try out your 10 talking points.

• Form mixed-pace groups of 4 students.
• Start with a team building activity of your choice.
• Set up the discussion – framed by some controversial talking points and using a technique to ensure individual accountability. (For example, ask every child to participate and explain you will pick [students won’t choose!] one from each group later on to report their own opinion and how it may have changed through the discussion.
• Encourage students to explain their reasoning and understanding to peers, ensuring that everyone understands and any gaps are identified and addressed. This is cooperative learning; students are expected to help each other learn.
• Monitor the groups to ensure this is happening and that there are no ‘free riders’ or individuals dominating the discussion.

Computer tasks.

• Remember to keep practising your typing skills! (The awarding of a certificate at the end of the course will also depend on your typing skills!)
• Find and download images that could be used in conjunction with talking points.

Educator note

In the next session, these follow-up activities will be reviewed. If you are using this session on its own, you can have a look at the review of follow-up activities here.

Educator note

At the end of each session, we provide an overview of the activities in this session, together with their suggested timings. Although this appears at the end of the session (for technical reasons), you should keep an eye on this throughout the session, to make sure that you are pacing the workshop session appropriately!

Total time: 75 (min)

Activities in this session:

• Whole class dialogue^(a) with talking points^(a) (15 min): Discussing statements about group work.
• Same-task group work (10 min): Pair work on talking points.
• Whole class dialogue (10 min) on structuring group work and individual accountability.
• Whole class dialogue (5 min): brainstorm on team building.
• Different-tasks group work (20 min) with ICT on various topics.
• Open space(10 min).
• Agreeing follow-up activities(5 min).

If you have printed this session for offline use, you may also need to download the following assets:

---

- Home - More on questioning >>>