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{{OER4S
|title=Concept mapping
|session=2.4
}}[[Category:Dialogue]][[Category:Questioning]]{{OER4SchoolsWSInfo
|intention={{ OER4SchoolsWSInfo/intention intro}} 
* concept mapping as a technique to promote interactive teaching
* developing ideas for concept maps
* encouraging talk that involves reasoning and building on others’ ideas
|success criteria={{ OER4SchoolsWSInfo/criteria intro}}
* take part in a whole group brainstorm activity and record the results as a concept map
* plan, present/listen to others present a concept map and use supportive dialogue
* plan a concept mapping activity for use in the classroom
 
|ict={{ OER4SchoolsWSInfo/ICT intro}}
* Consolidate your skills with Geogebra, images, and typing.
* Learn about using OO Impress (e.g. adding titles to images)
* (optional) Concept mapping software.
 
{{ OER4SchoolsWSInfo/ICT intro students}} 
* you will continue with Geogebra, images, and typing.
 
|resources=If available, large pieces of paper to draw concept maps.
}}
 
= {{name for review of follow up}} =
 
{{review of follow up}}
 
= Introduction to concept mapping =
{{Ednote|text=
You will need a projector linked to your computer for this session.
 
Display the concept map of water (TESSA resource) ({{File|Concept map of water (TESSA).pdf}}) on the projector.
 
Note that you can do this session in the following ways:
* If the participants are quite confident in their use of ICT, then you could use concept maps on the netbooks.
* However, if the participants are not that fluent yet in their use of ICT, it is better to just focus on the idea of a concept map (on paper), and to introduce concept mapping software in the ICT practice session for those who would like to explore this.
}}
 
[[Image:oer4s freemind concept map.jpg|thumb|300px]]
{{background|text=
A concept map is a visual way of representing pupils’ ideas around a main topic.
 
Some examples of what concept maps might show are:
 
* relationships - different types of vegetation and climate
* tasks – designing an electric circuit
* hierarchies - food pyramid
* causes of events - effects of human activities on forests
* flow of processes - water cycle
 
How is concept mapping used in the classroom?
 
# A teacher might solicit ideas from the class and draw a '''single class concept map''' on the board or on a computer using special concept mapping software, and project it for the class.
# Pupils draw their own '''personal maps''' on paper or on a computer; they work individually or in a pair or group.
}}
 
{{activity|stgw| on developing ideas for concept maps.|5}} See an example of a concept map on the screen. Tell the person next to you a topic from the curriculum that can be concept-mapped; mention advantages of mapping this topic and how mapping this topic can promote interactive teaching. Don’t actually create a map, just think of a topic and at what stage of teaching it the mapping might be useful.
 
Decide whether you would start with a few given sub-topics or ask pupils to suggest these – this is optional, depending on the subject material. (All the further ideas on branches from sub-topics come from pupils.)
 
 
{{Ednote|text=
Set a time limit for the pair work, say 5 minutes, and follow it strictly.
Display the blank concept map ‘Learning concept maps’ ({{File|Learning Concept Maps.mm}}) on the screen after 5 minutes. Also open the file on the individual computers – one machine per person.
}}
 
 
{{activity|wcb| on constructing a concept map.|10}} Brainstorm to help construct/complete the concept map displayed.  Read the background information below before starting the brainstorm.<br />
{{activity|Individual activity|: Creating your own concept map during the brainstorm.|10}}
Enter the suggestions as they are made, on your own concept map (either on paper, or on a digital concept map on a netbook). Add any further ideas of your own.
 
{{background|text=The main concept that you are mapping is: ''Learning about concept maps.'' Suggest any ideas that you can think of related to the topics given below, or suggest new topics.
 
* Topics that can be explored through concept mapping?
* Advantages of concept mapping during teaching?
* Ways of using concept mapping to make teaching interactive (with or without using ICT)?
 
When contributing ideas to the concept map under construction, remember to:
 
* support your ideas with reasons
* add to existing ideas if you agree (as in cumulative talk)
* question/challenge new ideas if you disagree
 
}}
 
{{Ednote|text=
If you are using concept maps on a computer, use the document {{File|Learning Concept Maps.mm}} for reference to fill up this concept map. Otherwise draw a similar concept map on the board or a large piece of paper (ideally stuck to a wall, so that everybody can see).
 
During the brainstorm:
* Respect all ideas
* Note only keywords rather than complete sentences (as shown in the ‘water’ example)
* Be as quick as possible in typing the idea so that the activity is swift and ideas are not lost. You can choose between the two options depending on your comfort with typing: typing responses to all questions simultaneously OR considering responses one question at a time. Suggest that the participants make a note of their ideas as they come.
* Stop the brainstorm activity after 20 minutes. Exceeding the time limit can tire the participants.
 
Save the filled concept map. It will be used later.
}}
 
= Creating and presenting a concept map =
 
{{Ednote|text=
Use sheets of paper (at least A4 size) and coloured pens for this activity. This will help to save the concept maps for future reference. If paper is not available, use mini-blackboards.
}}
 
{{activity|Individual or small group activity:| Creating a concept map on a topic of your choice|10}} Choose a topic from the topics listed on the map you have created together, i.e. from the box ‘topics that can be explored through concept mapping’ or ‘examples’ given above. It can be a topic you will use in your classroom soon. Draw a concept map on your sheet of paper.
 
As you draw the concept map, think about different ways in which this concept mapping activity can be used in the classroom? ''TIP: Think of its uses at the beginning, middle and end of a lesson. '' Your ideas will be discussed during the activity on progress in concept mapping.
 
{{Ednote|text=
 
If two or three participants choose the same topic or teach the same subject, suggest that they can work as a group.
 
You should move around to provide support / ideas to participants while they are drawing their maps. Give suggestions such as “How about including...” or “Do you think... can also be included?”.
 
Question the participants - how can you use this concept mapping activity in the classroom?
 
If some participants finish sooner than the others ask them to read the Teaching and Learning section on pages 34 - 35 plus page 40 of the VVOB toolkit ({{File|VVOB toolkit pp 35 36 40.pdf}}).
}}
[[Image:oer4s T concept map.jpg|thumb|300px]]
{{activity|Presentation| of concept maps.|15}}
At the end of the activity, 2-3 participants present their concept map for the whole group (each group has 5 minutes). You are role playing as pupils at this time.
 
During the presentation all participants are actively involved:
 
* The presenters should explain reasons for their ideas.
* Other participants should build on presenter ideas through agreement comments. For example, ‘ I think it’s a good idea that you included... ''because''...’ or ‘Another idea related to... is...’.
* Other participants can also question / challenge presenters' ideas through disagreement comments. For example, ‘I think... could be moved under the sub topic... because...’ or ‘How about including...?’ or ‘Why is it important to include...?’
 
Remember that agreement comments should come before disagreement comments. The idea is to improve the concept map yet not discourage the presenter.
 
 
{{Ednote|text=
Use one of the ‘increasing participation’ strategies discussed in the previous session for selecting the presenters. You should choose volunteers or participants with good examples of concept maps. Therefore, use the strategy ‘selecting volunteers’, ‘mini-blackboard display’ or ‘teacher nominations’. Inform the participants about your selection strategy in advance.
 
'''Model''' agreement comments and disagreement comments.
 
Refrain from interjecting if two participants are talking about the concept map. This will demonstrate one way of encouraging pupil-pupil talk.
 
Distribute VVOB toolkit pages 34, 35 and 40 to participants who have not yet collected it. (See {{File|VVOB toolkit pp 35 36 40.pdf}}.)
 
}}
 
 
 
{{activity|Record| your progress on concept mapping.|5}} Have you learned anything more about concept mapping as a result of the previous activity?  Perhaps some of your colleagues gave you ideas when they presented their maps.  Add new ideas that you have learned about concept mapping to your '''Learning about concept maps''' map, created from the whole group brainstorm activity. Refer to the VVOB toolkit pages for more ideas. Your own ideas about the other ways of using concept maps in an interactive classroom are very valuable.
 
{{Related resources|text=
The '''Zedupad''' resources ''Subsistence farmers'' and ''Growing Maize'' (see link below) provide an interesting topic for a concept mapping activity.  Ideas to be linked include the hazards of using fertilisers and traditional versus modern farming methods.  Slide 15 of the ''Growing Maize'' resource shows the beginning of a flowchart ''from seed to nshima''.  Flowcharts, like concept maps, are a useful method for organising material and finding relationships and connections between ideas.  Completing the  ''seed to nshima'' flowchart is a useful activity that will help students to focus on the main ideas to include in their concept map.
 
'''Other ideas for using the Growing Maize resource'''
 
You may wish to bookmark this resource and use it later when you have completed more of the OER4Schools course.  Other ways that it could be used include:
*  Students could work collaboratively in groups to construct a flowchart (either manually or using software) of the traditional process for growing maize. 
*  They could also complete an enquiry task (before watching slides 17-27) on how the process might be modernised.  This could be a short task that harnesses students ideas either as a whole class activity or working in small groups and feeding back to the class.  (There is more information on enquiry based learning in Unit 5.)
*  An interactive lesson with a combination of these activities could be designed. (There is more information on designing interactive lesson plans at the end of Unit 3.)
 
[[Image: subfarming2 .jpg|200px]]    [[Image: maize2.jpg|200px]]
 
http://www.zedupad.com/zambian_school_lessons.php
 
 
}}
 
= Video: Whole class dialogue on living in the trenches =
 
{{activity|otr|: Video with whole class dialogue on living in the trenches|10}} In this video, Lloyd, a UK secondary school teacher is facilitating a whole class dialogue during a secondary school history lesson (the all boys class are 12-13 years old). Pupils are discussing if it is possible to imagine living in trenches during the war from historical evidence, which they have discussed earlier in pairs.
 
See the transcript of this clip below – it may be useful to look at this during the video as the pupils’ voices are sometimes quiet.
 
Questions for reflection:
* What did you notice about pupil talk in these clips? Is it different from general pupil talk in classrooms? Explain your answer with reasons.
* How does the teacher encourage pupils to make contributions? Give examples from your observations.
More questions for reflection (on this and the next video):
* Which learning objectives other than the teaching topic are achieved in these video clips?
* What would you do in your classroom to facilitate pupils building on each other’s responses? Are there any phrases that Lloyd used in the first video clip that could support this?
* How can you get children to justify and provide reasons for their responses?
* What would you not do in your classroom if you want to facilitate whole class dialogue?
 
 
{{Ednote|text=
 
 
Tell the participants that the video illustrates pupils (a) giving reasons for their ideas, and (b) building on previous speaker’s ideas. Also (c) it shows how the teacher has heard Robert’s ideas during pair activity and deliberately invites his ideas into the whole class discussion. Mention these points as your observations if the participants do not notice them.
 
 
Participants may refer to transcript during or after the video if they want.
 
}}
 
{{: Video/LB Lesson 3 can we understand clip.m4v }}
 
{{Background|text=
{{: Video/LB Lesson 3 can we understand clip.m4v/transcript }}
}}
 
= Video: Whole class dialogue =
 
{{activity|otr|: Video with whole class dialogue on renewable resources.|10}}
This 3.5 minute video illustrates a Grade 7 Zambian teacher, Brian, facilitating a whole class dialogue on renewable sources. (The background noise is a heavy rainstorm!)
 
Questions for reflection are:
 
* Notice that the teacher asked the pupils to explain their reasoning in selecting renewable and non-renewable materials. How successful was he in doing this?
* What did you think about the horseshoe seating arrangement for this activity? Would this be feasible or effective in your classroom?
Question on both videos:
* Which learning objectives other than the teaching topic are achieved in these video clips?
* What would you do in your classroom to facilitate pupils building on each other’s responses? Are there any phrases that Lloyd used in the first video clip that could support this?
* How can you get children to justify and provide reasons for their responses?
* What would you not do in your classroom if you want to facilitate whole class dialogue?
 
{{: Video/11 Brian_4_renewables 11_10_2011 Clip 1.m4v }}
 
= {{Name for ICT practice with dtgw}} =
{{:OER4Schools/ICT/include}}
 
= {{Name for connecting with overarching goals}} =
 
{{Activity for connecting with overarching goals}}
 
= Follow-up activities for you to try in class =
{{activity|Agreeing follow up activities|5}}
 
{{fup|A}} Try concept maps. Choose a topic that you can teach in your class using concept maps; it could be the one you tried out earlier on paper. Think of some sub-topics for which you will ask your pupils to brainstorm.
 
Draw this concept map using freemind software on the netbooks. Create a template concept map that you can use in the classroom (just like the facilitator had for this session). Fill it in during classroom activity. You will need a projector linked to your computer for this activity.
 
Ask your pupils to give reasons for their ideas. Encourage all pupils to be active by agreeing and disagreeing with the idea.
 
'''Instructions to access freemind:'''
 
Ubuntu: Applications – Office – Freemind. If an old concept map file opens, go to File menu and choose New to get a blank document. To add sibling bubbles to the original, select it and choose ENTER. To make a child node, INSERT.
 
{{fup|B}} Try out the horseshoe seating arrangement or another new arrangement in your class during a lesson in the coming week.
 
{{setting of follow up}}
 
{{activity summary}}
 
{{OER4S_NextSession}}
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