OER4Schools/What is interactive teaching: Difference between revisions

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{{OER4S|1}}
{{OER4S
__TOC__
|title=What is interactive teaching? An introduction to the interactive Zambian classroom
|session=1.1
}}{{OER4SchoolsWSInfo
|intention={{ OER4SchoolsWSInfo/intention intro}}
* the interactive teaching technique of '''brainstorming''', and how and when to use it in the classroom, and
* '''activity templates''' for interactive teaching techniques, and how these can be introduced alongside current lesson plans.


{{OER4SchoolsWSInfo
|success criteria={{ OER4SchoolsWSInfo/criteria intro}}
|title=An introduction to the interactive Zambian classroom
* plan a brainstorm activity that has the potential to generate lots of ideas,
|description= The session introduces the following interactive ideas
* complete an activity template for the brainstorm activity that has a clear learning objective,
* Children being encouraged to participate in the lesson through talking
* do this activity in the classroom, and
* reflect on this activity (and revise, if necessary) to ensure maximum interaction from students.


This session introduces the following techniques:
|ict=There are no ICT components for this session — this will start in the next session.
* brainstorming
* group discussion
* no hands up
 
|intention=


}}


|success criteria= Participants have planned a brainstorm, and will have done this in the classroom at some point before the next session.
= Introduction and ice breakers =


}}
{{activity|wcd|: Introduction to the programme.|30}}


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=


It is imperative that you read the text of this session, and the following sessions very carefully, and clarify any issues.  
It is imperative that you read the text of this session and the following sessions very carefully, and clarify any issues.  You should make the learning intentions and the success criteria for the sessions explicit to the participants, perhaps by writing them on the board or printing them out separately.  These should be referred to when appropriate as you proceed through the session/s.


}}
}}


[[Image:Abel photo 2.jpg|300px]]
[[Image:Abel photo 2.jpg|300px|thumb]]
 
Welcome to the first workshop of the [[OER4Schools]] programme. The facilitator will now guide you through some introductory activities.
= Brainstorm on interactive teaching =
 
{{activity|Whole group brainstorm| on interactive teaching.|10}} Consider the following questions:
* What is interactive teaching?
* What interactive techniques do you know?
* How often have you used such techniques?


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
What is a "whole group brainstorm"?
As a facilitator, you should have read the introductory material to the programme very carefully, including "[[OER4Schools/How_to_use_this_resource|how to use this resource]]" and
"[[OER4Schools/How_to_run_workshops|how to run workshops]]".


Want to hear from everyone, don’t worry if you’re not sure, have a go at making a suggestion... we will develop our collective understanding as time goes on (what are teachers’ expectations?).  There are no wrong answers, just ideas.
You now start the session with an ice breaker, and then make essential arrangements.


If participants are not very forthcoming, probe them with additional questions, eg what do you think interactive teaching might be? Is it the same as learner-centred teaching?
'''Record the brainstorm. '''The facilitator writes on a board or a large sheet of paper, or makes notes for everybody to see on the overhead projector. Alternatively, participants write on small pieces of paper which are placed on a table. If there are no facilities, then it is ok to not make a record.  There should be no evaluation of responses when using the brainstorming technique.
If you are part of our “facilitators program”, use the tools provided to capture the discussion.
}}
}}


= Brainstorming in the classroom =
As part of this, you have the opportunity to discuss
 
* a weekly time for the workshops,
{{activity|Discussion in pairs| of what a brainstorm looks like in the classroom.|5}} Now that we have done a brainstorm in the workshop, what does a brainstorm in the classroom look like?  Do you think your students would like this activity?  How could you make sure that all students get actively involved?  Discuss this with your neighbour.
* whether you are going to use first or second names,
 
* your expectations,
{{activity|video|: Watch video of a brainstorm.|5}} Watch the following video clip together. As you watch, think about the following:
* whether participants need to come on time, or report in if they are ill,
* What are you noticing?
* keeping a register,
* At what point(s) in the lesson could this be used?
* the use of the ICT equipment, and
* What do you think the students are learning from this?
* any other suggestions, ideas, and concerns you may have.
* How are they learning?
* Can brainstorming be used with large classes too, where there isn’t time for everyone to contribute each time? How would you adapt it for this?


{{: Video/Eness_vertebrates_1.mp4 }}
This clip from a Grade 3 classroom illustrates how the teacher solicits (and records) different students’ views without evaluating them.


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
Note that the clip shows the start of a lesson but it can be done at any point in a lesson. It shows a brainstorm – with unique contributions, allowing time to think first, ‘no hands up’ technique too.
At this point, you should make a programme agreement, as a set of "ground rules".


Workshop participants continue with the discussion.  
Record some of the outcomes from the discussion above, for instance recording ground rules like this:
* We keep a register of attendance, that will be shared with the head teacher.
* Because we respect each others time, we pledge to arrive on time, and stay for the duration of each workshop.
* We implement activities in our classroom.
* When you discuss ICT use later in this session, you should also devise a rota for ICT equipment use.
You can revisit these rules as the programme continues, but for now it is important to make them.


'''Write the rules down on paper, and keep them available. Perhaps put them up in the room where the workshops take place. You could get participants to sign the sheet as well, to firm up the commitment.'''
}}
}}


{{activity|whole group discussion| on the brainstorm video.|15}} Let's now discuss this. We asked some questions above, which were:
= Brainstorm on interactive teaching =
* What have you noticed?
* At what point(s) in the lesson could this be used?
* What do you think the students are learning from this?
* How are they learning?
* Can brainstorming be used with large classes too, where there isn’t time for everyone to contribute each time? How would you adapt it for this?


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
During the discussion, record what participants are contributing. You could do this on a piece of paper, or on the board. You could also appoint a scribe, who does this for you, leaving you free to manage the discussion.
You are now starting the first activity. Make sure that participants are alert and excited. If necessary, do another quick ice breaker and then launch into the first activity.
 
'''Record the brainstorm. '''The facilitator writes on a board or a large sheet of paper, or makes notes for everybody to see on the overhead projector. Alternatively, participants write on small pieces of paper which are placed on a table. If there are no facilities, then it is okay to not make a record.  There should be no evaluation of responses when using the brainstorming technique.


At the end of the discussion, summarise the outcomes of the discussion, including any key points the participants have made.
}}
}}


= Planning an activity - “activity template” =
{{activity|wcb| on interactive teaching.|10}} Consider the following questions:
* What is interactive teaching?
* What interactive techniques do you know?
* How often have you used such techniques?


{{activity|whole group discussion| on lesson plans.|10}}  Have a brief discussion on current practice on lesson planning.  Consider such things as:  Where do the lesson plans themselves come from? Do you think about the activities that are being done?  Can you see a way that new activities could be introduced along side your current lesson plans? Do you forseee any difficulties in doing this?


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
DIscuss with the participants how they plan their lessons and how the new interactive activities that they are being introduced to can work within their current plans.  
What is a "whole group brainstorm"?
 
Make it clear to the participants that you want to hear from everyone, and that they shouldn't worry if they're not sure, but they should have a go at making a suggestion. We will develop our collective understanding as time goes on (what are teachers’ expectations?).  There are no wrong answers, just ideas.  Here we have used a number of questions to give participants an idea of how wide-ranging their responses can be.  The aim of this brainstorm is to find out what participants know, think and feel about interactive teaching.


In designing 'activities' we do not aim to replace whole lesson plans. We simply try to make some activities in the lessons more interactive.
If participants are not very forthcoming, probe them with additional questions, e.g. 'What do you think interactive teaching might be? Is it the same as learner-centred teaching?'


If you are part of our “facilitators program”, use the tools provided to capture the discussion.
}}
}}


{{activity|Introduction| to activity templates.|10}} In this section, we consider strategies to incorporate new interactive elements in your lessons, including things you might say, and things you might do. To help you structure your planning, we provide an activity template. It includes:
= Brainstorming in the classroom =
* what the activity is (a technique such as a brainstorm, group work, mini blackboard use plus an activity in which it is used, eg “a brainstorm on what animals are found in your environment”),
* the grade,
* the subject & lesson topic,
* what the (learning) objective of the activity is (e.g. to find out what students already know about topic X),
* resources to be used (such as blackboard, mini blackboards, paper, objects, etc), and
* how is the activity carried out.


{{activity|pair work| on activity templates.|10}} Break into pairs, and capture the activity shown in the video above in the activity template.
{{ednote|text=


= The cycle of plan - teach - reflect =
The following activity is same-task group work, done in pairs. So for this part of the session you are doing group work, and each group is a pair. Just ask participants to turn to each other.


[[Image:plan-teach-reflect.png|thumb|300px]]
}}
 
{{activity|Introduction| to the cycle of ongoing reflective practice.|10}} Introduce the cycle of '''ongoing reflective practice''' – comprising classroom activity, (discussion) and reflection.
 
* Part 1: Plan an interactive activity such as brainstorming
* Part 2: Teach using the activity, bearing in mind the learning objective
* Part 3: Reflect on how the activity went, first on your own and then with a colleague and perhaps a wider group
* Revise plan and repeat cycle


Introduce the notion of a reflective journal to support this whole process.
{{activity|stgw|: Discussion in pairs about what {{activitytag| brainstorming}} looks like in the classroom.|5}} Now that we have done a brainstorm in the workshop, what does a brainstorm in the classroom look like?  Do you think your students would like this activity?  How could you make sure that all students get actively involved?  Discuss this with your neighbour.


Questions to guide reflection:
{{activity|wcd|: Reporting back from the discussion.|5}} Participants briefly report back from the group work.
* What did the children get out of the activity? How can you tell?
* How did you (as the teacher) find out what the children learnt / thought about the activities / got out of them?
* What did you (as the teacher) get out of it?
* Did you find it difficult?
* What would you do differently next time?
* Did the activity allow students to meet the learning objective that it was designed to address?
 
'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>Follow-up activity] Record your reflections to be used in the next workshop session. '''


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
'''How do teachers capture reflections? '''Simplest way is to capture on paper. These can easily be shared. But, teachers can be reluctant, and you may not get anything back. Maybe they just should write some prompts, that will remind them?
Make sure that participants get the idea of what a brainstorm is.  


For the trial, also use dictaphones. How are the teachers finding that? See more expanded list of questions in the audio diary guidelines.
You do not need to go round all the groups. You can just ask whether people have more to add.
 
You need to make concrete plans with the teachers as to when they will be using their activities.  
}}
}}


= Planning a brainstorm activity =
{{activity|otr|: Watch video of a brainstorm.|5}} Watch the following video clip together. As you watch, think about the following:
 
Things to consider:
* What are you teaching next week?
* What is the topic of your brainstorm?
* What makes for a good topic?


{{activity|Planning in pairs| of a brainstorm activity.|5}} You can do this activity in pairs but each one of you should plan an individual brainstorm activity that you will use with your class before the next session. Share your ideas with your partner and listen to their feedback.
{{: Video/Eness vertebrates 1.mp4/reflection }}


{{: Video/Eness_vertebrates_1.mp4 }}


{{activity|Whole group brainstorm| of particpant's suggestions .|5}} Pick one or two of the brainstorms that were just planned and try them on the rest of the group.
This clip from a Grade 3 classroom illustrates how the teacher solicits (and records) different students’ views without evaluating them.


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
The topic of the brainstorm needs to generate lots of ideas. Look out for topics that have correct responses and/or are narrow in scope e.g. name the parts of a flower.  This would not be a suitable topic to brainstorm, instead the topic could be 'what do we know about flowers?'. (Further questions could be asked by the teacher as the brainstorm proceeds in order to find out the depth of the students' knowledge).  Encourage participants to accept all responses without evaluation and if possible, to make a note of them for all to see. 
Note that the clip shows the start of a session but it can be done at any point in a lesson. It shows a brainstorm – with unique contributions – allowing time to think first, {{activitytag|'no hands up’}} technique.
}}


{{activity|Group discussion| of the trialled brainstorm activity.|5}} Did this work?  How do you know?  Did everyone participate?   
Workshop participants continue with the discussion.  
 
{{activity|Planning in pairs| to revise the planned brainstorm activity.|5}} Based on what you have learnt from the brainstorm trialling activity, revise your brainstorm, making sure that you have phrased your topic in a way that will generate lots of ideas.
 
= Netbook familiarisation =


{{ednote|text=
{{todo|Need to add something here what to do if there are no netbooks.}}
}}
}}


{{activity|Practical activity| exploring netbooks.|30}} Here is a netbook familiarisation activity that you can use with your students, spend some time working through the activity yourself now and think about how your students will respond to it. Make sure that you can answer all of the questions.
{{activity|wcd|: Discussion on the brainstorm video.|15}} Let's now discuss this. We asked some questions above, which you should now discuss.
 
 
{{oinc|OER4Schools/Netbook familiarisation}}
 
 
= Follow-up activities =
 
== Practical classroom activities and reflection  ==
 
Complete an activity template for the brainstorm activity that you planned and revised in this session.  Do the activity with your class and be prepared to reflect on how it went.
 
{{todo|homework description}}
 
== Netbook familiarisation ==
 
Do the above netbook familiarisation activity in the classroom.
 
== Next time ==
 
Don’t forget to bring your activity plans again, and your recorded reflections.  
 
(Use your dictaphone if you have one, or make notes on paper or electronically)


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
Remind participants to do their activities. They may want to review the notes that have been handed out, as well as read the background text available below.
During the discussion, record what participants are contributing. You could do this on a piece of paper or on the board. You could also appoint a scribe who does this for you, leaving you free to manage the discussion.


As the facilitator, you should also do a reflection on how this first workshop went - please see facilitator reflection for Unit 1!
Benefits of brainstorming include:
}}
* giving everybody an opportunity to speak,
* encouraging students to contribute a large range of ideas,
* reducing the fear of risk taking, and
* showing respect for all participants (making sure that students do not laugh at each other).


= Activity template =
At the end of the discussion, summarise the outcomes of the discussion, including any key points the participants have made.
 
The activity template is available on this page for printing: [[OER4Schools/activity template]]:
 
{{:OER4Schools/activity template}}
 
 
= Summary =
 
{{activity summary}}
 
= Move to next session =
 
== Examples of interactive teaching in Zambia ==
 
Many African teachers aspire to be interactive teachers. Yet, interactive teaching is not common in the African classroom. However, it can work in this context!
 
The following clip shows Eness, a teacher in a community school near Lusaka interacting with a Grade 3 class. Watch the clip of her class discussion about ''Is a bat a bird?''
 
{{activity|video|: Watch a video of a whole class discussion.|5}} Watch video:
 
{{: Video/Eness_vertebrates_12.mp4 }}
 
{{ednote|text=
(Clip shows whole class discussion of ‘is a bat a bird?’ + 1 min clip - set unresolved problem as homework)
}}
}}


{{activity|Whole group discussion| on the whole class discussion video.|10}}
{{activity|otr|: Summary.|5}} Summarise, and discuss the proper meaning of what a brainstorm is. You can refer to [[OER4Schools/activities/brainstorming]] to find out more.
 
* What have you noticed?
* How are the learners taught?
* How do you think they will react to the homework task?
* Is this classroom different from yours?
* What is interactive teaching?


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
'''Issues to discuss'''
Make sure that all participants understand what a brainstorm is.
* Noisy but productive - A classroom can be noisy and productive at the same time
* '''''interactive = inter-action (with view to sense making<nowiki>; </nowiki>i.e. purpose of inter-action is to make sense)'''''
* Children making sense of ideas for themselves, developing their own classifications, relating to what they already know...
* Teacher not telling answer, asking students to investigate for themselves


Facilitator needs to know how to deal with criticisms (such as too noisy, too much chaos, not productive)
What is the purpose of a brainstorm? It can have many purposes, but one purpose is that a brainstorm is a good way of finding out what they already know. So to go from the "known to the unknown".
 
The road is long. But it can be done!
}}
}}


== Summary ==
= Planning an activity - “activity template” =


{{activity|Reflection|: Practitioner reflection on interactive teaching.|5}} The key to interactive teaching is ''teachers'' ''shifting “from telling to listening”'' and ''learners shifting from receiving information to making sense ''of it for themselves.
{{activity|wcd|: Discussion on activity plans.|10}} Have a brief discussion about current practice on lesson planning.  Consider such things as:  Where do the lesson plans themselves come from? What do you think about the activities that are being done?  Can you see a way that new activities could be introduced alongside your current lesson plans? Do you foresee any difficulties in doing this?


How can we “listen” to learners? What does that mean in practice?
[[File:mini-blackboards-and-groups.jpg |400px |alt=Children holding mini-blackboards with some sums on are stood in front of the main blackboard and teacher, who is looking to them for answers]]
{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
'''Facilitator describes own experience of shifting to interactive teaching''' and how it is different in his/her classroom now…
Discuss with the participants how they plan their lessons and how the new interactive activities that they are being introduced to can work within their current plans.  
 
'''Evidence for impact of interactive teaching (optional)'''
 
Generally we have experienced that teachers welcome interactive ways of teaching. However, it is possible that teachers may object or have major concerns to the interactive teaching shown in the videos as well as what has emerged from this discussion. For instance, they may say that this just will not work in their classroom, that it may not work with large classes, or perhaps that such styles of teaching would not be welcome by parents or head teachers for various reasons.


At this stage, you could introduce interactive teaching as an international trend. Research evidence from different countries shows that this kind of active learning is both motivating and far more effective for learning than direct instruction (“chalk-and-talk” or lecturing). In particular independent, collaborative or oral work, as well as questioning and whole-class discussion that encourage pupils to grapple with ideas are effective. They lead to long-term and deeper learning rather than memorising facts (resulting in short-term, superficial learning).
In designing 'activities', we do not aim to replace whole lesson plans. We simply try to make some activities in the lessons more interactive.


The following video clip may help to reinforce the point.
}}
}}


{{activity|video|: Watch a video on one Zambian teacher’s experience of interactive teaching.|5}}
{{activity|Introduction| to activity templates.|10}} In this section, we consider strategies to incorporate new interactive elements in your lessons, including things you might say and do. To help you structure your planning, we provide an activity template. The template includes details of:
* what the activity is (a technique such as a brainstorm, group work, mini blackboard use, plus an activity in which it is used, e.g. “a brainstorm on what animals are found in your environment”),
* the grade,
* the subject & lesson topic,
* what the (learning) objective of the activity is (e.g. to find out what students already know about topic X),
* resources to be used (such as blackboard, mini blackboards, paper, objects, etc.), and
* how the activity is carried out.


{{:Video/Agness_Tembo_at_eLA_2010_Zambia.mp4 }}
{{activity|stgw|: Planning in pairs for activity templates.|10}} Break into pairs, and capture the activity (shown in the video above) in the activity template.  Remember to include the '{{activitytag|no hands up}}' technique - this works very well with brainstorming, but can also be used for general questioning.


This two minute clip features Agness Tembo, a Grade 2 teacher from Chalimbana Basic School located in a rural area of Zambia. She is presenting at the e-Learning Africa Conference 2010 her own experiences of participating in Phase 1 of the OER4Schools research project. She talks animatedly about the challenges she faced in introducing both ICT and interactive pedagogy into her (mathematics) teaching for the first time, the benefits to students, and the qualities she needed as a teacher to make the shift successful.
= Planning a brainstorm activity =


{{ednote|text=
{{activity|stgw|: Planning in pairs of a brainstorm activity.|5}} Break into pairs, and plan a brainstorm together. The pairs should be arranged, so that it will be possible to do this brainstorm with your class (e.g. pair by grade, or pair by subject). As you plan, share your ideas with your partner as much as possible, and listen attentively to their ideas and feedback.
Description of {{activitytag|Think Pair Share}}.
{{todo|Need to add something about tHink Pair share.}}
}}
 
{{activity|Introduction| of Think Pair Share.|5}} {{todo|Need to add something about Think Pair Share.}}


Here are some questions you could consider to help you plan:
* What do you need to know about students’ knowledge or understanding of the topic? What will you ask them to brainstorm about?
* What will you do with the results? How will you build on that in the rest of the lesson?
* What are you teaching next week?
* What is the topic of your brainstorm?
* What makes for a good topic?


{{activity|Think Pair Share| on what interactive teaching offers you.|5}} What does interactive teaching offer you? '''Share your thoughts with the whole group.
{{activity|wcb| of participant's suggestions.|5}} Pick one or two of the brainstorms that were just planned and try them on the rest of the group.


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
As facilitator, you should always be mindful of the time, and make sure that there is enough time to complete the whole session. In this classroom, we would refer to this as {{activitytag|lesson pacing}} or {{activitytag|time management}}, an  important topic we will return to later.
The topic of the brainstorm needs to generate lots of ideas. Look out for topics that have correct responses and/or are narrow in scope, e.g. name the parts of a flower. This would not be a suitable topic to brainstorm, instead the topic could be 'what do we know about flowers?'.  (Further questions could be asked by the teacher as the brainstorm proceeds in order to find out the depth of the students' knowledge). Encourage participants to accept all responses without evaluation, and, if possible, to make a note of them for all to see. 
}}
}}


{{activity|wcd|: Discussion of the trialled brainstorm activity.|5}} Did this work?  How do you know?  Did everyone participate?   


= Extension: More opportunities for developing activites templates =
{{activity|stgw|: Planning in pairs to revise the planned brainstorm activity.|5}} Based on what you have learned from the brainstorm trialling activity, revise your brainstorm, making sure that you have phrased your topic in a way that will generate lots of ideas. You can do this activity in pairs, but each one of you should plan an individual brainstorm activity that you will use with your class before the next session.


{{activity|Pair activity}} '''Watch the following video sequence and pause after each clip to discuss with a partner: '''What would you record on the template to capture this activity? '''(There is no need to actually write on it.)
= Follow-up activities =


{{activity|stimulus}} Eness_vertebrates_clips 2,4,6,8: (1 min. 40, 2 mins. 43, 3 mins. 43, 7 mins. 03 = 15 mins. 09 total)
{{activity|Agreeing follow up activities.|5}}


{{: Video/Eness_vertebrates_2.mp4 }}
{{fup|A}} ''Practical classroom activities and reflection.'' Complete an activity template for the brainstorm activity that you planned and revised in this session. Do the activity with your class, and be prepared to reflect on how it went.  
{{: Video/Eness_vertebrates_4.mp4 }}
{{: Video/Eness_vertebrates_6.mp4 }}
{{: Video/Eness_vertebrates_8.mp4 }}


TOTAL: 15:09
{{fup|B}} Don’t forget to bring your activity plans again, as well as your recorded reflections. (Use your dictaphone if you have one, or make notes on paper or electronically)


This video sequence contains '''four consecutive clips''' from the same lesson you saw earlier, showing:
{{ednote|text=
*Clip 2: Students hands out blackboards themselves (active)
Remind participants to do their activities. They may want to review the notes that have been handed out, as well as read the background text available below.
*Clip 4: Teacher repeats and clarifies instructions; she illustrates them with nonsense classifications so students do not copy hers
*Clip 6: Groupwork using mini-blackboards: group of 5 recording under their own category of ‘animals with no legs’ and interacting as a group
*Clip 8: Group presentation: teacher detects error and asks for input from children to verify (rather than ‘telling’); she corrects error with input from class.


{{activity|Whole Group Discussion}} '''When you have discussed these clips one by one in pairs, continue with '''whole group discussion on content of clips''':
As the facilitator, you should also do a reflection on how this first workshop went - please see facilitator reflection for Unit 1!
* What '''new techniques''' was Eness using this time?
* How did she ensure that children were '''active'''?
* What role did the '''mini blackboards '''play?
* How can teachers create a good '''relationship with their class''' so that children can learn?
* What kind of '''classroom atmosphere''' supports learning?


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>Pair activity] In a pair, plan your own activity for a lesson you are teaching imminently. You may want to pair up with a teacher of the same grade if this is possible.'''
}}


Choose one of the two techniques below and discuss with your partner what you are going to do. Record this in an [[OER4S/activity template|activity template]].
{{setting of follow up}}
 
= Activity template =


Questions to help you complete the template for this specific kind of activity:
The activity template is available on this page for printing: [[OER4Schools/activity template]]:


1. Brainstorm:
{{:OER4Schools/activity template}}
* What do I need to know about students’ knowledge or understanding of the topic? What will I ask them to brainstorm?
* What will I do with the results? How will we build on that in the rest of the lesson?


2. Mini blackboard activity:
{{activity summary}}
* Will individuals or pairs have a blackboard?
* What is the purpose of recording on a blackboard? For example, will all learners hold them up to show me their ideas? Will they discuss with peers? Will they record the results of a learning activity? Will they write or draw on the blackboards?


[[Image:Eness1.jpg|thumb|300px]]
{{OER4S_NextSession}}

Latest revision as of 12:00, 4 April 2015

Learning intentions and objectives.
In this session you will learn about:

  • the interactive teaching technique of brainstorming, and how and when to use it in the classroom, and
  • activity templates for interactive teaching techniques, and how these can be introduced alongside current lesson plans.

Success criteria.
To meet the learning intentions you will:

  • plan a brainstorm activity that has the potential to generate lots of ideas,
  • complete an activity template for the brainstorm activity that has a clear learning objective,
  • do this activity in the classroom, and
  • reflect on this activity (and revise, if necessary) to ensure maximum interaction from students.

ICT components.
There are no ICT components for this session — this will start in the next session.


Introduction and ice breakers

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (30 min): Introduction to the programme.

Educator note

It is imperative that you read the text of this session and the following sessions very carefully, and clarify any issues. You should make the learning intentions and the success criteria for the sessions explicit to the participants, perhaps by writing them on the board or printing them out separately. These should be referred to when appropriate as you proceed through the session/s.

Abel photo 2.jpg

Welcome to the first workshop of the OER4Schools programme. The facilitator will now guide you through some introductory activities.

Educator note

As a facilitator, you should have read the introductory material to the programme very carefully, including "how to use this resource" and "how to run workshops".

You now start the session with an ice breaker, and then make essential arrangements.

As part of this, you have the opportunity to discuss

  • a weekly time for the workshops,
  • whether you are going to use first or second names,
  • your expectations,
  • whether participants need to come on time, or report in if they are ill,
  • keeping a register,
  • the use of the ICT equipment, and
  • any other suggestions, ideas, and concerns you may have.


Educator note

At this point, you should make a programme agreement, as a set of "ground rules".

Record some of the outcomes from the discussion above, for instance recording ground rules like this:

  • We keep a register of attendance, that will be shared with the head teacher.
  • Because we respect each others time, we pledge to arrive on time, and stay for the duration of each workshop.
  • We implement activities in our classroom.
  • When you discuss ICT use later in this session, you should also devise a rota for ICT equipment use.

You can revisit these rules as the programme continues, but for now it is important to make them.

Write the rules down on paper, and keep them available. Perhaps put them up in the room where the workshops take place. You could get participants to sign the sheet as well, to firm up the commitment.

Brainstorm on interactive teaching

Educator note

You are now starting the first activity. Make sure that participants are alert and excited. If necessary, do another quick ice breaker and then launch into the first activity.

Record the brainstorm. The facilitator writes on a board or a large sheet of paper, or makes notes for everybody to see on the overhead projector. Alternatively, participants write on small pieces of paper which are placed on a table. If there are no facilities, then it is okay to not make a record. There should be no evaluation of responses when using the brainstorming technique.

Activity icon.png Whole class brainstorm (10 min) on interactive teaching. Consider the following questions:

  • What is interactive teaching?
  • What interactive techniques do you know?
  • How often have you used such techniques?


Educator note

What is a "whole group brainstorm"?

Make it clear to the participants that you want to hear from everyone, and that they shouldn't worry if they're not sure, but they should have a go at making a suggestion. We will develop our collective understanding as time goes on (what are teachers’ expectations?). There are no wrong answers, just ideas. Here we have used a number of questions to give participants an idea of how wide-ranging their responses can be. The aim of this brainstorm is to find out what participants know, think and feel about interactive teaching.

If participants are not very forthcoming, probe them with additional questions, e.g. 'What do you think interactive teaching might be? Is it the same as learner-centred teaching?'

If you are part of our “facilitators program”, use the tools provided to capture the discussion.

Brainstorming in the classroom

Educator note

The following activity is same-task group work, done in pairs. So for this part of the session you are doing group work, and each group is a pair. Just ask participants to turn to each other.

Activity icon.png Same-task group work (5 min): Discussion in pairs about what brainstorming(a) looks like in the classroom. Now that we have done a brainstorm in the workshop, what does a brainstorm in the classroom look like? Do you think your students would like this activity? How could you make sure that all students get actively involved? Discuss this with your neighbour.

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (5 min): Reporting back from the discussion. Participants briefly report back from the group work.

Educator note

Make sure that participants get the idea of what a brainstorm is.

You do not need to go round all the groups. You can just ask whether people have more to add.

Activity icon.png Observing, thinking, reflecting (5 min): Watch video of a brainstorm. Watch the following video clip together. As you watch, think about the following:

  • What are you noticing?
  • At what point(s) in the lesson could this be used?
  • What do you think the students are learning from this?
  • How are they learning?
  • Can brainstorming be used with large classes too, where there isn’t time for everyone to contribute each time? How would you adapt it for this?
  • What are the benefits of brainstorming?
  • What makes a brainstorm successful?
  • What do you think about the teacher's comment "since I want all of you to participate, no hands up, OK"?

VIDEO

A brainstorm naming animals

A brainstorm naming animals. Start of lesson: brainstorm with unique contributions, time to think first, no hands up technique.

Video/Eness vertebrates 1.mp4, https://oer.opendeved.net/wiki/Video/Eness_vertebrates_1.mp4,This video is available on your memory stick in the video/Eness Vertebrates folder.About this video. Duration: 2:43 (Some use of "" in your query was not closed by a matching "". watch on YouTube, local play / download options / download from dropbox)(Series: Eness Vertebrates, episode 01)(Transcript available here or via YouTube captions.)

This clip from a Grade 3 classroom illustrates how the teacher solicits (and records) different students’ views without evaluating them.

Educator note

Note that the clip shows the start of a session but it can be done at any point in a lesson. It shows a brainstorm – with unique contributions – allowing time to think first, 'no hands up’(a) technique.

Workshop participants continue with the discussion.

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (15 min): Discussion on the brainstorm video. Let's now discuss this. We asked some questions above, which you should now discuss.

Educator note

During the discussion, record what participants are contributing. You could do this on a piece of paper or on the board. You could also appoint a scribe who does this for you, leaving you free to manage the discussion.

Benefits of brainstorming include:

  • giving everybody an opportunity to speak,
  • encouraging students to contribute a large range of ideas,
  • reducing the fear of risk taking, and
  • showing respect for all participants (making sure that students do not laugh at each other).

At the end of the discussion, summarise the outcomes of the discussion, including any key points the participants have made.

Activity icon.png Observing, thinking, reflecting (5 min): Summary. Summarise, and discuss the proper meaning of what a brainstorm is. You can refer to OER4Schools/activities/brainstorming to find out more.

Educator note

Make sure that all participants understand what a brainstorm is.

What is the purpose of a brainstorm? It can have many purposes, but one purpose is that a brainstorm is a good way of finding out what they already know. So to go from the "known to the unknown".

Planning an activity - “activity template”

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (10 min): Discussion on activity plans. Have a brief discussion about current practice on lesson planning. Consider such things as: Where do the lesson plans themselves come from? What do you think about the activities that are being done? Can you see a way that new activities could be introduced alongside your current lesson plans? Do you foresee any difficulties in doing this?

Educator note

Discuss with the participants how they plan their lessons and how the new interactive activities that they are being introduced to can work within their current plans.

In designing 'activities', we do not aim to replace whole lesson plans. We simply try to make some activities in the lessons more interactive.

Activity icon.png Introduction (10 min) to activity templates. In this section, we consider strategies to incorporate new interactive elements in your lessons, including things you might say and do. To help you structure your planning, we provide an activity template. The template includes details of:

  • what the activity is (a technique such as a brainstorm, group work, mini blackboard use, plus an activity in which it is used, e.g. “a brainstorm on what animals are found in your environment”),
  • the grade,
  • the subject & lesson topic,
  • what the (learning) objective of the activity is (e.g. to find out what students already know about topic X),
  • resources to be used (such as blackboard, mini blackboards, paper, objects, etc.), and
  • how the activity is carried out.

Activity icon.png Same-task group work (10 min): Planning in pairs for activity templates. Break into pairs, and capture the activity (shown in the video above) in the activity template. Remember to include the 'no hands up(a)' technique - this works very well with brainstorming, but can also be used for general questioning.

Planning a brainstorm activity

Activity icon.png Same-task group work (5 min): Planning in pairs of a brainstorm activity. Break into pairs, and plan a brainstorm together. The pairs should be arranged, so that it will be possible to do this brainstorm with your class (e.g. pair by grade, or pair by subject). As you plan, share your ideas with your partner as much as possible, and listen attentively to their ideas and feedback.

Here are some questions you could consider to help you plan:

  • What do you need to know about students’ knowledge or understanding of the topic? What will you ask them to brainstorm about?
  • What will you do with the results? How will you build on that in the rest of the lesson?
  • What are you teaching next week?
  • What is the topic of your brainstorm?
  • What makes for a good topic?

Activity icon.png Whole class brainstorm (5 min) of participant's suggestions. Pick one or two of the brainstorms that were just planned and try them on the rest of the group.

Educator note

The topic of the brainstorm needs to generate lots of ideas. Look out for topics that have correct responses and/or are narrow in scope, e.g. name the parts of a flower. This would not be a suitable topic to brainstorm, instead the topic could be 'what do we know about flowers?'. (Further questions could be asked by the teacher as the brainstorm proceeds in order to find out the depth of the students' knowledge). Encourage participants to accept all responses without evaluation, and, if possible, to make a note of them for all to see.

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (5 min): Discussion of the trialled brainstorm activity. Did this work? How do you know? Did everyone participate?

Activity icon.png Same-task group work (5 min): Planning in pairs to revise the planned brainstorm activity. Based on what you have learned from the brainstorm trialling activity, revise your brainstorm, making sure that you have phrased your topic in a way that will generate lots of ideas. You can do this activity in pairs, but each one of you should plan an individual brainstorm activity that you will use with your class before the next session.

Follow-up activities

Activity icon.png Agreeing follow up activities. (5 min).

Part A: Practical classroom activities and reflection. Complete an activity template for the brainstorm activity that you planned and revised in this session. Do the activity with your class, and be prepared to reflect on how it went.

Part B: Don’t forget to bring your activity plans again, as well as your recorded reflections. (Use your dictaphone if you have one, or make notes on paper or electronically)

Educator note

Remind participants to do their activities. They may want to review the notes that have been handed out, as well as read the background text available below.

As the facilitator, you should also do a reflection on how this first workshop went - please see facilitator reflection for Unit 1!

Educator note

In the next session, these follow-up activities will be reviewed. If you are using this session on its own, you can have a look at the review of follow-up activities here.


Activity template

The activity template is available on this page for printing: OER4Schools/activity template:


Downloadable version: Activity template.pdf (info)

What is the activity?

 

Grade


Subject


Lesson topic

 

What is the (learning) objective of the activity?

 

Resources used

 

How is the activity carried out? Write out all the steps in detail.

 

 

 

 

 

Here is a photograph of a completed activity template for a lesson on conduction. Note that one template can be used for multiple activities:

Completed activity template.jpeg

Educator note

At the end of each session, we provide an overview of the activities in this session, together with their suggested timings. Although this appears at the end of the session (for technical reasons), you should keep an eye on this throughout the session, to make sure that you are pacing the workshop session appropriately!

Total time: 130 (min)

Activities in this session:

  • Whole class dialogue (30 min): Introduction to the programme.
  • Whole class brainstorm (10 min) on interactive teaching.
  • Same-task group work (5 min): Discussion in pairs about what brainstorming(a) looks like in the classroom.
  • Whole class dialogue (5 min): Reporting back from the discussion.
  • Observing, thinking, reflecting (5 min): Watch video of a brainstorm.
  • Whole class dialogue (15 min): Discussion on the brainstorm video.
  • Observing, thinking, reflecting (5 min): Summary.
  • Whole class dialogue (10 min): Discussion on activity plans.
  • Introduction (10 min) to activity templates.
  • Same-task group work (10 min): Planning in pairs for activity templates.
  • Same-task group work (5 min): Planning in pairs of a brainstorm activity.
  • Whole class brainstorm (5 min) of participant's suggestions.
  • Whole class dialogue (5 min): Discussion of the trialled brainstorm activity.
  • Same-task group work (5 min): Planning in pairs to revise the planned brainstorm activity.
  • Agreeing follow up activities.(5 min).

If you have printed this session for offline use, you may also need to download the following assets:


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