OER4Schools/What is interactive teaching: Difference between revisions

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= Section 1: What is interactive teaching? An introduction to the interactive Zambian classroom =
{{OER4S
|title=What is interactive teaching? An introduction to the interactive Zambian classroom
|session=1.1
}}{{OER4SchoolsWSInfo
|intention={{ OER4SchoolsWSInfo/intention intro}}
* the interactive teaching technique of '''brainstorming''', and how and when to use it in the classroom, and
* '''activity templates''' for interactive teaching techniques, and how these can be introduced alongside current lesson plans.


The aims of Unit 1 are:
|success criteria={{ OER4SchoolsWSInfo/criteria intro}}
* plan a brainstorm activity that has the potential to generate lots of ideas,
* complete an activity template for the brainstorm activity that has a clear learning objective,
* do this activity in the classroom, and
* reflect on this activity (and revise, if necessary) to ensure maximum interaction from students.


* understand principles of interactive teaching - with and without ICT,
|ict=There are no ICT components for this session — this will start in the next session.
* see illustrations and discuss issues involved in implementing it,
* thinking about changing one’s own practice, and
* develop ways of working with colleagues to reflect on practice, share ideas and trial new strategies.


== Brainstorm on what interactive teaching is ==
}}
* What is interactive teaching?
* What interactive techniques do you know?
* How often have you used such techniques?


{{ednote|text=
= Introduction and ice breakers =


Whole group brainstorm.
{{activity|wcd|: Introduction to the programme.|30}}


Suggested time<nowiki> …. [</nowiki>we should add suggested times for these sections]
{{ednote|text=


Want to hear from everyone, don’t worry if you’re not sure, have a go at making a suggestion... we will develop our collective understanding as time goes on<nowiki> [</nowiki>what are teachers’ expectations?].
It is imperative that you read the text of this session and the following sessions very carefully, and clarify any issues.  You should make the learning intentions and the success criteria for the sessions explicit to the participants, perhaps by writing them on the board or printing them out separately. These should be referred to when appropriate as you proceed through the session/s.


}}


If participants are not very forthcoming, probe them with additional questions, eg what do you think interactive teaching might be? Is it the same as learner-centred teaching?
[[Image:Abel photo 2.jpg|300px|thumb]]
 
Welcome to the first workshop of the [[OER4Schools]] programme. The facilitator will now guide you through some introductory activities.
 
'''Record the brainstorm. '''The facilitator writes on a large sheet of paper, or makes notes for everybody to see on the overhead projector. Alternatively, participants write on small pieces of paper which are placed on a table. If there are no facilities, then it is ok to note make a record.


{{ednote|text=
As a facilitator, you should have read the introductory material to the programme very carefully, including "[[OER4Schools/How_to_use_this_resource|how to use this resource]]" and
"[[OER4Schools/How_to_run_workshops|how to run workshops]]".


If you are part of our “facilitators program”, use the tools provided to capture the discussion.
You now start the session with an ice breaker, and then make essential arrangements.


}}
}}


As part of this, you have the opportunity to discuss
* a weekly time for the workshops,
* whether you are going to use first or second names,
* your expectations,
* whether participants need to come on time, or report in if they are ill,
* keeping a register,
* the use of the ICT equipment, and
* any other suggestions, ideas, and concerns you may have.


== Examples of interactive teaching in the Zambian classroom ==
Many African teachers aspire to be interactive teachers. Yet, interactive teaching is not common in the African classroom. However, it can work in this context!


{{ednote|text=
At this point, you should make a programme agreement, as a set of "ground rules".


The following clip shows Eness, a teacher in a community school near Lusaka interacting with a Grade 3 class. Watch the clip of her class discussion about ''Is a bat a bird?''
Record some of the outcomes from the discussion above, for instance recording ground rules like this:
* We keep a register of attendance, that will be shared with the head teacher.
* Because we respect each others time, we pledge to arrive on time, and stay for the duration of each workshop.
* We implement activities in our classroom.
* When you discuss ICT use later in this session, you should also devise a rota for ICT equipment use.
You can revisit these rules as the programme continues, but for now it is important to make them.


'''Write the rules down on paper, and keep them available. Perhaps put them up in the room where the workshops take place. You could get participants to sign the sheet as well, to firm up the commitment.'''
}}


'''<nowiki>[stimulus] </nowiki>'''See video -
= Brainstorm on interactive teaching =
{{video|name=Eness_vertebrates_12.mp4|duratio=4:19|src=4Kdi_n5QAzY}}


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
You are now starting the first activity. Make sure that participants are alert and excited. If necessary, do another quick ice breaker and then launch into the first activity.


(Clip shows whole class discussion of ‘is a bat a bird?’ + 1 min clip - set unresolved problem as homework)
'''Record the brainstorm. '''The facilitator writes on a board or a large sheet of paper, or makes notes for everybody to see on the overhead projector. Alternatively, participants write on small pieces of paper which are placed on a table. If there are no facilities, then it is okay to not make a record.  There should be no evaluation of responses when using the brainstorming technique.


}}
}}


{{activity|wcb| on interactive teaching.|10}} Consider the following questions:
* What is interactive teaching?
* What interactive techniques do you know?
* How often have you used such techniques?


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>group discussion] '''
* What have you noticed?
* How are the learners taught?
* How do you think they will react to the homework task?
* Is this classroom different from yours?
* What is interactive teaching?


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
What is a "whole group brainstorm"?


'''Issues to discuss'''
Make it clear to the participants that you want to hear from everyone, and that they shouldn't worry if they're not sure, but they should have a go at making a suggestion. We will develop our collective understanding as time goes on (what are teachers’ expectations?).  There are no wrong answers, just ideas.  Here we have used a number of questions to give participants an idea of how wide-ranging their responses can be.  The aim of this brainstorm is to find out what participants know, think and feel about interactive teaching.


noisy but productive - A classroom can be noisy and productive at the same time
If participants are not very forthcoming, probe them with additional questions, e.g. 'What do you think interactive teaching might be? Is it the same as learner-centred teaching?'


'''''interactive = inter-action (with view to sense making<nowiki>; </nowiki>i.e. purpose of inter-action is to make sense)'''''
If you are part of our “facilitators program”, use the tools provided to capture the discussion.
}}


children making sense of ideas for themselves, developing their own classifications, relating to what they already know...
= Brainstorming in the classroom =


teacher not telling answer, asking students to investigate for themselves
{{ednote|text=


The following activity is same-task group work, done in pairs. So for this part of the session you are doing group work, and each group is a pair. Just ask participants to turn to each other.


Facilitator needs to know how to deal with criticisms (such as too noisy, too much chaos, not productive)
}}


{{activity|stgw|: Discussion in pairs about what {{activitytag| brainstorming}} looks like in the classroom.|5}} Now that we have done a brainstorm in the workshop, what does a brainstorm in the classroom look like?  Do you think your students would like this activity?  How could you make sure that all students get actively involved?  Discuss this with your neighbour.


The road is long. But it can be done!
{{activity|wcd|: Reporting back from the discussion.|5}} Participants briefly report back from the group work.
 
{{ednote|text=
Make sure that participants get the idea of what a brainstorm is.  


You do not need to go round all the groups. You can just ask whether people have more to add.
}}
}}


{{activity|otr|: Watch video of a brainstorm.|5}} Watch the following video clip together. As you watch, think about the following:


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>stimulus] '''Show '''brainstorm''' clip: Eness_vertebrates_1.mp4 (2 mins 43)
{{: Video/Eness vertebrates 1.mp4/reflection }}


This clip from the same Grade 3 classroom illustrates how the teacher solicits (and records) different students’ views without evaluating them.
{{: Video/Eness_vertebrates_1.mp4 }}


This clip from a Grade 3 classroom illustrates how the teacher solicits (and records) different students’ views without evaluating them.


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
 
Note that the clip shows the start of a session but it can be done at any point in a lesson. It shows a brainstorm – with unique contributions – allowing time to think first, {{activitytag|'no hands up’}} technique.
Note that the clip shows the start of a lesson but it can be done at any point in a lesson. It shows a brainstorm – with unique contributions, allowing time to think first, ‘no hands up’ technique too.
 


Workshop participants continue with the discussion.  
Workshop participants continue with the discussion.  
Line 93: Line 119:
}}
}}


 
{{activity|wcd|: Discussion on the brainstorm video.|15}} Let's now discuss this. We asked some questions above, which you should now discuss.
'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>group discussion] '''
 
* What have you noticed this time?
* At what point(s) in the lesson could this be used?
* What do you think the students are learning from this?
* How are they learning?
* Can brainstorming be used with large classes too, where there isn’t time for everyone to contribute each time? How would you adapt it for this?


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
During the discussion, record what participants are contributing. You could do this on a piece of paper or on the board. You could also appoint a scribe who does this for you, leaving you free to manage the discussion.


The facilitator now summarises the outcomes of the discussion, first elaborating the previous brainstorm record, and then summarising by emphasising the points below and including any key points the participants have made.
Benefits of brainstorming include:
* giving everybody an opportunity to speak,
* encouraging students to contribute a large range of ideas,
* reducing the fear of risk taking, and
* showing respect for all participants (making sure that students do not laugh at each other).


At the end of the discussion, summarise the outcomes of the discussion, including any key points the participants have made.
}}
}}


 
{{activity|otr|: Summary.|5}} Summarise, and discuss the proper meaning of what a brainstorm is. You can refer to [[OER4Schools/activities/brainstorming]] to find out more.
'''Summary: '''The key to interactive teaching is ''teachers'' ''shifting “from telling to listening”'' and ''learners shifting from receiving information to making sense ''of it for themselves.  
 
How can we “listen” to learners? What does that mean in practice?
 


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
Make sure that all participants understand what a brainstorm is.


'''Facilitator describes own experience of shifting to interactive teaching''' and how it is different in his/her classroom now…
What is the purpose of a brainstorm? It can have many purposes, but one purpose is that a brainstorm is a good way of finding out what they already know. So to go from the "known to the unknown".
 
 
'''Evidence for impact of interactive teaching (optional)'''
 
 
Generally we have experienced that teachers welcome interactive ways of teaching. However, it is possible that teachers may object or have major concerns to the interactive teaching shown in the videos as well as what has emerged from this discussion. For instance, they may say that this just will not work in their classroom, that it may not work with large classes, or perhaps that such styles of teaching would not be welcome by parents or head teachers for various reasons.
 
 
At this stage, you could introduce interactive teaching as an international trend. Research evidence from different countries shows that this kind of active learning is both motivating and far more effective for learning than direct instruction (“chalk-and-talk” or lecturing). In particular independent, collaborative or oral work, as well as questioning and whole-class discussion that encourage pupils to grapple with ideas are effective. They lead to long-term and deeper learning rather than memorising facts (resulting in short-term, superficial learning).
 
 
The following video clip may help to reinforce the point.  
 
}}
}}


= Planning an activity - “activity template” =


'''One Zambian teacher’s experience'''
{{activity|wcd|: Discussion on activity plans.|10}}  Have a brief discussion about current practice on lesson planning. Consider such things as:  Where do the lesson plans themselves come from? What do you think about the activities that are being done?  Can you see a way that new activities could be introduced alongside your current lesson plans? Do you foresee any difficulties in doing this?
 
'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>video] '''Agness video here (Agness_eLA_contribution.mp4) http://sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1093072
 
 
This two minute clip features Agness Tembo, a Grade 2 teacher from Chalimbana Basic School located in a rural area of Zambia. She is presenting at the e-Learning Africa Conference 2010 her own experiences of participating in Phase 1 of the OER4Schools research project. She talks animatedly about the challenges she faced in introducing both ICT and interactive pedagogy into her (mathematics) teaching for the first time, the benefits to students, and the qualities she needed as a teacher to make the shift successful.
 
 
'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>Think Pair Share] What does interactive teaching offer you? '''Share your thoughts with the whole group.
 


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
Discuss with the participants how they plan their lessons and how the new interactive activities that they are being introduced to can work within their current plans.


''move to Section 2 after a max. of one hour ''
In designing 'activities', we do not aim to replace whole lesson plans. We simply try to make some activities in the lessons more interactive.


}}
}}


== Section 2: Planning an activity - “activity template” ==
{{activity|Introduction| to activity templates.|10}} In this section, we consider strategies to incorporate new interactive elements in your lessons, including things you might say and do. To help you structure your planning, we provide an activity template. The template includes details of:
In this section, we consider strategies to incorporate new interactive elements in your lessons, including things you might say, and things you might do. To help you structure your planning, we provide an activity template. It includes:
* what the activity is (a technique such as a brainstorm, group work, mini blackboard use, plus an activity in which it is used, e.g. “a brainstorm on what animals are found in your environment”),  
 
 
* what the activity is (a technique such as a brainstorm, group work, mini blackboard use plus an activity in which it is used, eg “a brainstorm on what animals are found in your environment”),  
* the grade,  
* the grade,  
* the subject & lesson topic,
* the subject & lesson topic,
* what the (learning) objective of the activity is (e.g. to find out what students already know about topic X),
* what the (learning) objective of the activity is (e.g. to find out what students already know about topic X),
* resources to be used (such as blackboard, mini blackboards, paper, objects, etc), and
* resources to be used (such as blackboard, mini blackboards, paper, objects, etc.), and
* how is the activity carried out.
* how the activity is carried out.
 
'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>Pair activity] '''Watch the following video sequence and pause after each clip to discuss with a partner: '''What would you record on the template to capture this activity? '''(There is no need to actually write on it.)
 
 
'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>stimulus<nowiki>] [</nowiki>Eness_vertebrates_clips 2,4,6,8] (1 min. 40, 2 mins. 43, 3 mins. 43, 7 mins. 03 = 15 mins. 09 total)'''
 
This video sequence contains '''four consecutive clips''' from the same lesson you saw earlier, showing:
 
Clip 2 = Students hands out blackboards themselves (active)
 
Clip 4 = Teacher repeats and clarifies instructions; she illustrates them with nonsense classifications so students do not copy hers
 
Clip 6 = Groupwork using mini-blackboards: group of 5 recording under their own category of ‘animals with no legs’ and interacting as a group
 
Clip 8 = Group presentation: teacher detects error and asks for input from children to verify (rather than ‘telling’); she corrects error with input from class.
 


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>Whole Group Discussion] '''When you have discussed these clips one by one in pairs, continue with '''whole group discussion on content of clips''':
{{activity|stgw|: Planning in pairs for activity templates.|10}} Break into pairs, and capture the activity (shown in the video above) in the activity template.  Remember to include the '{{activitytag|no hands up}}' technique - this works very well with brainstorming, but can also be used for general questioning.


* What '''new techniques''' was Eness using this time?
= Planning a brainstorm activity =
* How did she ensure that children were '''active'''?
* What role did the '''mini blackboards '''play?
* How can teachers create a good '''relationship with their class''' so that children can learn?
* What kind of '''classroom atmosphere''' supports learning?


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>Pair activity] In a pair, plan your own activity for a lesson you are teaching imminently. You may want to pair up with a teacher of the same grade if this is possible.'''
{{activity|stgw|: Planning in pairs of a brainstorm activity.|5}} Break into pairs, and plan a brainstorm together. The pairs should be arranged, so that it will be possible to do this brainstorm with your class (e.g. pair by grade, or pair by subject). As you plan, share your ideas with your partner as much as possible, and listen attentively to their ideas and feedback.


Here are some questions you could consider to help you plan:
* What do you need to know about students’ knowledge or understanding of the topic? What will you ask them to brainstorm about?
* What will you do with the results? How will you build on that in the rest of the lesson?
* What are you teaching next week?
* What is the topic of your brainstorm?
* What makes for a good topic?


Choose one of the two techniques below and discuss with your partner what you are going to do. Record this in an [#id.lctkwi511n7 activity][#id.lctkwi511n7  ][#id.lctkwi511n7 template].
{{activity|wcb| of participant's suggestions.|5}} Pick one or two of the brainstorms that were just planned and try them on the rest of the group.   
 
 
Questions to help you complete the template for this specific kind of activity:
 
 
1. Brainstorm
 
* What do I need to know about students’ knowledge or understanding of the topic? What will I ask them to brainstorm?
* What will I do with the results? How will we build on that in the rest of the lesson?
 
2. Mini blackboard activity
 
* Will individuals or pairs have a blackboard?
* What is the purpose of recording on a blackboard? For example, will all learners hold them up to show me their ideas? Will they discuss with peers? Will they record the results of a learning activity? Will they write or draw on the blackboards?
 
== Section 3: Practical classroom activities and reflection ==
<div align="right">[[Image:]]</div>
 
 
Introduce the cycle of '''ongoing reflective practice''' – comprising classroom activity, (discussion) and reflection.
 
 
* Part 1: Plan! (You have just done that)
* Part 2: Teach! (Have your lesson plan to hand.)
* Part 3: Reflect on your own and then with buddy and perhaps a wider group
* Revise plan and repeat cycle
 
Introduce the notion of a reflective journal to support this whole process..
 
 
Questions to guide reflection:
 
* What did the children get out of the activity? How can you tell?
* How did you (as the teacher) find out what the children learnt / thought about the activities / got out of them?
* What did you (as the teacher) get out of it?
* Did you find it difficult?
* What would you do differently next time?
 
'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>Follow-up activity] Record your reflections to be used in the next workshop session. '''
 


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
The topic of the brainstorm needs to generate lots of ideas. Look out for topics that have correct responses and/or are narrow in scope, e.g. name the parts of a flower.  This would not be a suitable topic to brainstorm, instead the topic could be 'what do we know about flowers?'.  (Further questions could be asked by the teacher as the brainstorm proceeds in order to find out the depth of the students' knowledge).  Encourage participants to accept all responses without evaluation, and, if possible, to make a note of them for all to see. 
}}


{{activity|wcd|: Discussion of the trialled brainstorm activity.|5}} Did this work?  How do you know?  Did everyone participate?   


'''How do teachers capture reflections? '''Simplest way is to capture on paper. These can easily be shared. But, teachers can be reluctant, and you may not get anything back. Maybe they just should write some prompts, that will remind them?
{{activity|stgw|: Planning in pairs to revise the planned brainstorm activity.|5}} Based on what you have learned from the brainstorm trialling activity, revise your brainstorm, making sure that you have phrased your topic in a way that will generate lots of ideas. You can do this activity in pairs, but each one of you should plan an individual brainstorm activity that you will use with your class before the next session.


= Follow-up activities =


For the trial, also use dictaphones. How are the teachers finding that? See more expanded list of questions in the audio diary guidelines.
{{activity|Agreeing follow up activities.|5}}
 
 
You need to make concrete plans with the teachers as to when they will be using their activities.  
 
}}
 
== Next time ==
Don’t forget to bring your activity plans again, and your recorded reflections.


(Use your dictaphone if you have one, or make notes on paper or electronically)
{{fup|A}} ''Practical classroom activities and reflection.'' Complete an activity template for the brainstorm activity that you planned and revised in this session.  Do the activity with your class, and be prepared to reflect on how it went.


{{fup|B}} Don’t forget to bring your activity plans again, as well as your recorded reflections. (Use your dictaphone if you have one, or make notes on paper or electronically)


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
Remind participants to do their activities. They may want to review the notes that have been handed out, as well as read the background text available below.
Remind participants to do their activities. They may want to review the notes that have been handed out, as well as read the background text available below.


As the facilitator, you should also do a reflection on how this first workshop went - please see facilitator reflection for Unit 1!
As the facilitator, you should also do a reflection on how this first workshop went - please see facilitator reflection for Unit 1!
Line 258: Line 198:
}}
}}


 
{{setting of follow up}}
= Background text =
{{background|text=
What is interactive teaching? Bloom's taxonomy etc. illustrated
 
 
Principles of interactive teaching:
 
* recognising children as individuals ''actively'' engaged in interacting with the world, rather than passive recipients of knowledge
* assessing learning needs and tailoring teaching to the child’s current level of knowledge and understanding (“scaffolding” or “child-centred” approach)
* “multimodal” interaction and expression – using different modes of presenting material and expressing ideas (drawing, video, audio as well as conventional texts) to engage learners
* higher-order thinking – encouraging skills like analysis, synthesis, evaluation, sorting and categorising
* improvable ideas – providing an environment where ideas can be critiqued and refined
* diversity of ideas – exploring ideas and related/contrasting ideas, encouraging different ideas
* building directly on others’ ideas to create joint knowledge products
* democracy in knowledge building – everybody participates and is a legitimate contributor to knowledge
* learner agency and peer support – encouraging students to take responsibility for their own and one another’s learning
}}


= Activity template =
= Activity template =


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
The activity template is available on this page for printing: [[OER4Schools/activity template]]:
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| What is the activity?
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
 
|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Grade
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
 
|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Subject
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
 
|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Lesson topic
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
 
|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| What is the (learning) objective of the activity?
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|


|-
{{:OER4Schools/activity template}}
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Resources used
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|


|-
{{activity summary}}
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| How is the activity carried out? Write out all the steps in detail.
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|


|}
{{OER4S_NextSession}}

Latest revision as of 12:00, 4 April 2015

Learning intentions and objectives.
In this session you will learn about:

  • the interactive teaching technique of brainstorming, and how and when to use it in the classroom, and
  • activity templates for interactive teaching techniques, and how these can be introduced alongside current lesson plans.

Success criteria.
To meet the learning intentions you will:

  • plan a brainstorm activity that has the potential to generate lots of ideas,
  • complete an activity template for the brainstorm activity that has a clear learning objective,
  • do this activity in the classroom, and
  • reflect on this activity (and revise, if necessary) to ensure maximum interaction from students.

ICT components.
There are no ICT components for this session — this will start in the next session.


Introduction and ice breakers

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (30 min): Introduction to the programme.

Educator note

It is imperative that you read the text of this session and the following sessions very carefully, and clarify any issues. You should make the learning intentions and the success criteria for the sessions explicit to the participants, perhaps by writing them on the board or printing them out separately. These should be referred to when appropriate as you proceed through the session/s.

Abel photo 2.jpg

Welcome to the first workshop of the OER4Schools programme. The facilitator will now guide you through some introductory activities.

Educator note

As a facilitator, you should have read the introductory material to the programme very carefully, including "how to use this resource" and "how to run workshops".

You now start the session with an ice breaker, and then make essential arrangements.

As part of this, you have the opportunity to discuss

  • a weekly time for the workshops,
  • whether you are going to use first or second names,
  • your expectations,
  • whether participants need to come on time, or report in if they are ill,
  • keeping a register,
  • the use of the ICT equipment, and
  • any other suggestions, ideas, and concerns you may have.


Educator note

At this point, you should make a programme agreement, as a set of "ground rules".

Record some of the outcomes from the discussion above, for instance recording ground rules like this:

  • We keep a register of attendance, that will be shared with the head teacher.
  • Because we respect each others time, we pledge to arrive on time, and stay for the duration of each workshop.
  • We implement activities in our classroom.
  • When you discuss ICT use later in this session, you should also devise a rota for ICT equipment use.

You can revisit these rules as the programme continues, but for now it is important to make them.

Write the rules down on paper, and keep them available. Perhaps put them up in the room where the workshops take place. You could get participants to sign the sheet as well, to firm up the commitment.

Brainstorm on interactive teaching

Educator note

You are now starting the first activity. Make sure that participants are alert and excited. If necessary, do another quick ice breaker and then launch into the first activity.

Record the brainstorm. The facilitator writes on a board or a large sheet of paper, or makes notes for everybody to see on the overhead projector. Alternatively, participants write on small pieces of paper which are placed on a table. If there are no facilities, then it is okay to not make a record. There should be no evaluation of responses when using the brainstorming technique.

Activity icon.png Whole class brainstorm (10 min) on interactive teaching. Consider the following questions:

  • What is interactive teaching?
  • What interactive techniques do you know?
  • How often have you used such techniques?


Educator note

What is a "whole group brainstorm"?

Make it clear to the participants that you want to hear from everyone, and that they shouldn't worry if they're not sure, but they should have a go at making a suggestion. We will develop our collective understanding as time goes on (what are teachers’ expectations?). There are no wrong answers, just ideas. Here we have used a number of questions to give participants an idea of how wide-ranging their responses can be. The aim of this brainstorm is to find out what participants know, think and feel about interactive teaching.

If participants are not very forthcoming, probe them with additional questions, e.g. 'What do you think interactive teaching might be? Is it the same as learner-centred teaching?'

If you are part of our “facilitators program”, use the tools provided to capture the discussion.

Brainstorming in the classroom

Educator note

The following activity is same-task group work, done in pairs. So for this part of the session you are doing group work, and each group is a pair. Just ask participants to turn to each other.

Activity icon.png Same-task group work (5 min): Discussion in pairs about what brainstorming(a) looks like in the classroom. Now that we have done a brainstorm in the workshop, what does a brainstorm in the classroom look like? Do you think your students would like this activity? How could you make sure that all students get actively involved? Discuss this with your neighbour.

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (5 min): Reporting back from the discussion. Participants briefly report back from the group work.

Educator note

Make sure that participants get the idea of what a brainstorm is.

You do not need to go round all the groups. You can just ask whether people have more to add.

Activity icon.png Observing, thinking, reflecting (5 min): Watch video of a brainstorm. Watch the following video clip together. As you watch, think about the following:

  • What are you noticing?
  • At what point(s) in the lesson could this be used?
  • What do you think the students are learning from this?
  • How are they learning?
  • Can brainstorming be used with large classes too, where there isn’t time for everyone to contribute each time? How would you adapt it for this?
  • What are the benefits of brainstorming?
  • What makes a brainstorm successful?
  • What do you think about the teacher's comment "since I want all of you to participate, no hands up, OK"?

VIDEO

A brainstorm naming animals

A brainstorm naming animals. Start of lesson: brainstorm with unique contributions, time to think first, no hands up technique.

Video/Eness vertebrates 1.mp4, https://oer.opendeved.net/wiki/Video/Eness_vertebrates_1.mp4,This video is available on your memory stick in the video/Eness Vertebrates folder.About this video. Duration: 2:43 (Some use of "" in your query was not closed by a matching "". watch on YouTube, local play / download options / download from dropbox)(Series: Eness Vertebrates, episode 01)(Transcript available here or via YouTube captions.)

This clip from a Grade 3 classroom illustrates how the teacher solicits (and records) different students’ views without evaluating them.

Educator note

Note that the clip shows the start of a session but it can be done at any point in a lesson. It shows a brainstorm – with unique contributions – allowing time to think first, 'no hands up’(a) technique.

Workshop participants continue with the discussion.

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (15 min): Discussion on the brainstorm video. Let's now discuss this. We asked some questions above, which you should now discuss.

Educator note

During the discussion, record what participants are contributing. You could do this on a piece of paper or on the board. You could also appoint a scribe who does this for you, leaving you free to manage the discussion.

Benefits of brainstorming include:

  • giving everybody an opportunity to speak,
  • encouraging students to contribute a large range of ideas,
  • reducing the fear of risk taking, and
  • showing respect for all participants (making sure that students do not laugh at each other).

At the end of the discussion, summarise the outcomes of the discussion, including any key points the participants have made.

Activity icon.png Observing, thinking, reflecting (5 min): Summary. Summarise, and discuss the proper meaning of what a brainstorm is. You can refer to OER4Schools/activities/brainstorming to find out more.

Educator note

Make sure that all participants understand what a brainstorm is.

What is the purpose of a brainstorm? It can have many purposes, but one purpose is that a brainstorm is a good way of finding out what they already know. So to go from the "known to the unknown".

Planning an activity - “activity template”

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (10 min): Discussion on activity plans. Have a brief discussion about current practice on lesson planning. Consider such things as: Where do the lesson plans themselves come from? What do you think about the activities that are being done? Can you see a way that new activities could be introduced alongside your current lesson plans? Do you foresee any difficulties in doing this?

Educator note

Discuss with the participants how they plan their lessons and how the new interactive activities that they are being introduced to can work within their current plans.

In designing 'activities', we do not aim to replace whole lesson plans. We simply try to make some activities in the lessons more interactive.

Activity icon.png Introduction (10 min) to activity templates. In this section, we consider strategies to incorporate new interactive elements in your lessons, including things you might say and do. To help you structure your planning, we provide an activity template. The template includes details of:

  • what the activity is (a technique such as a brainstorm, group work, mini blackboard use, plus an activity in which it is used, e.g. “a brainstorm on what animals are found in your environment”),
  • the grade,
  • the subject & lesson topic,
  • what the (learning) objective of the activity is (e.g. to find out what students already know about topic X),
  • resources to be used (such as blackboard, mini blackboards, paper, objects, etc.), and
  • how the activity is carried out.

Activity icon.png Same-task group work (10 min): Planning in pairs for activity templates. Break into pairs, and capture the activity (shown in the video above) in the activity template. Remember to include the 'no hands up(a)' technique - this works very well with brainstorming, but can also be used for general questioning.

Planning a brainstorm activity

Activity icon.png Same-task group work (5 min): Planning in pairs of a brainstorm activity. Break into pairs, and plan a brainstorm together. The pairs should be arranged, so that it will be possible to do this brainstorm with your class (e.g. pair by grade, or pair by subject). As you plan, share your ideas with your partner as much as possible, and listen attentively to their ideas and feedback.

Here are some questions you could consider to help you plan:

  • What do you need to know about students’ knowledge or understanding of the topic? What will you ask them to brainstorm about?
  • What will you do with the results? How will you build on that in the rest of the lesson?
  • What are you teaching next week?
  • What is the topic of your brainstorm?
  • What makes for a good topic?

Activity icon.png Whole class brainstorm (5 min) of participant's suggestions. Pick one or two of the brainstorms that were just planned and try them on the rest of the group.

Educator note

The topic of the brainstorm needs to generate lots of ideas. Look out for topics that have correct responses and/or are narrow in scope, e.g. name the parts of a flower. This would not be a suitable topic to brainstorm, instead the topic could be 'what do we know about flowers?'. (Further questions could be asked by the teacher as the brainstorm proceeds in order to find out the depth of the students' knowledge). Encourage participants to accept all responses without evaluation, and, if possible, to make a note of them for all to see.

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (5 min): Discussion of the trialled brainstorm activity. Did this work? How do you know? Did everyone participate?

Activity icon.png Same-task group work (5 min): Planning in pairs to revise the planned brainstorm activity. Based on what you have learned from the brainstorm trialling activity, revise your brainstorm, making sure that you have phrased your topic in a way that will generate lots of ideas. You can do this activity in pairs, but each one of you should plan an individual brainstorm activity that you will use with your class before the next session.

Follow-up activities

Activity icon.png Agreeing follow up activities. (5 min).

Part A: Practical classroom activities and reflection. Complete an activity template for the brainstorm activity that you planned and revised in this session. Do the activity with your class, and be prepared to reflect on how it went.

Part B: Don’t forget to bring your activity plans again, as well as your recorded reflections. (Use your dictaphone if you have one, or make notes on paper or electronically)

Educator note

Remind participants to do their activities. They may want to review the notes that have been handed out, as well as read the background text available below.

As the facilitator, you should also do a reflection on how this first workshop went - please see facilitator reflection for Unit 1!

Educator note

In the next session, these follow-up activities will be reviewed. If you are using this session on its own, you can have a look at the review of follow-up activities here.


Activity template

The activity template is available on this page for printing: OER4Schools/activity template:


Downloadable version: Activity template.pdf (info)

What is the activity?

 

Grade


Subject


Lesson topic

 

What is the (learning) objective of the activity?

 

Resources used

 

How is the activity carried out? Write out all the steps in detail.

 

 

 

 

 

Here is a photograph of a completed activity template for a lesson on conduction. Note that one template can be used for multiple activities:

Completed activity template.jpeg

Educator note

At the end of each session, we provide an overview of the activities in this session, together with their suggested timings. Although this appears at the end of the session (for technical reasons), you should keep an eye on this throughout the session, to make sure that you are pacing the workshop session appropriately!

Total time: 130 (min)

Activities in this session:

  • Whole class dialogue (30 min): Introduction to the programme.
  • Whole class brainstorm (10 min) on interactive teaching.
  • Same-task group work (5 min): Discussion in pairs about what brainstorming(a) looks like in the classroom.
  • Whole class dialogue (5 min): Reporting back from the discussion.
  • Observing, thinking, reflecting (5 min): Watch video of a brainstorm.
  • Whole class dialogue (15 min): Discussion on the brainstorm video.
  • Observing, thinking, reflecting (5 min): Summary.
  • Whole class dialogue (10 min): Discussion on activity plans.
  • Introduction (10 min) to activity templates.
  • Same-task group work (10 min): Planning in pairs for activity templates.
  • Same-task group work (5 min): Planning in pairs of a brainstorm activity.
  • Whole class brainstorm (5 min) of participant's suggestions.
  • Whole class dialogue (5 min): Discussion of the trialled brainstorm activity.
  • Same-task group work (5 min): Planning in pairs to revise the planned brainstorm activity.
  • Agreeing follow up activities.(5 min).

If you have printed this session for offline use, you may also need to download the following assets:


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