OER4Schools/What is interactive teaching: Difference between revisions

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{{OER4S}}
{{OER4S
__TOC__
|title=What is interactive teaching? An introduction to the interactive Zambian classroom
[[Image:Abel photo 2.jpg|thumb|300px]]
|session=1.1
}}{{OER4SchoolsWSInfo
|intention={{ OER4SchoolsWSInfo/intention intro}}
* the interactive teaching technique of '''brainstorming''', and how and when to use it in the classroom, and
* '''activity templates''' for interactive teaching techniques, and how these can be introduced alongside current lesson plans.  


= What is interactive teaching? An introduction to the interactive Zambian classroom =
|success criteria={{ OER4SchoolsWSInfo/criteria intro}}
* plan a brainstorm activity that has the potential to generate lots of ideas,
* complete an activity template for the brainstorm activity that has a clear learning objective,
* do this activity in the classroom, and
* reflect on this activity (and revise, if necessary) to ensure maximum interaction from students.


The aims of Unit 1 are to:
|ict=There are no ICT components for this session — this will start in the next session.
* understand principles of interactive teaching - with and without ICT,
* see illustrations and discuss issues involved in implementing it,
* think about changing one’s own practice, and
* develop ways of working with colleagues to reflect on practice, share ideas and trial new strategies.


== Brainstorm on what interactive teaching is ==
}}
 
= Introduction and ice breakers =


Consider the following questions:
{{activity|wcd|: Introduction to the programme.|30}}
* What is interactive teaching?
* What interactive techniques do you know?
* How often have you used such techniques?


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
Whole group brainstorm.


Suggested time<nowiki> …. [</nowiki>we should add suggested times for these sections]
It is imperative that you read the text of this session and the following sessions very carefully, and clarify any issues. You should make the learning intentions and the success criteria for the sessions explicit to the participants, perhaps by writing them on the board or printing them out separately.  These should be referred to when appropriate as you proceed through the session/s.


Want to hear from everyone, don’t worry if you’re not sure, have a go at making a suggestion... we will develop our collective understanding as time goes on<nowiki> [</nowiki>what are teachers’ expectations?].
}}


If participants are not very forthcoming, probe them with additional questions, eg what do you think interactive teaching might be? Is it the same as learner-centred teaching?
[[Image:Abel photo 2.jpg|300px|thumb]]
Welcome to the first workshop of the [[OER4Schools]] programme. The facilitator will now guide you through some introductory activities.


'''Record the brainstorm. '''The facilitator writes on a large sheet of paper, or makes notes for everybody to see on the overhead projector. Alternatively, participants write on small pieces of paper which are placed on a table. If there are no facilities, then it is ok to note make a record.
{{ednote|text=
As a facilitator, you should have read the introductory material to the programme very carefully, including "[[OER4Schools/How_to_use_this_resource|how to use this resource]]" and
"[[OER4Schools/How_to_run_workshops|how to run workshops]]".  
 
You now start the session with an ice breaker, and then make essential arrangements.


If you are part of our “facilitators program”, use the tools provided to capture the discussion.
}}
}}


== Examples of interactive teaching in the Zambian classroom ==
As part of this, you have the opportunity to discuss
* a weekly time for the workshops,
* whether you are going to use first or second names,
* your expectations,
* whether participants need to come on time, or report in if they are ill,
* keeping a register,
* the use of the ICT equipment, and
* any other suggestions, ideas, and concerns you may have.


Many African teachers aspire to be interactive teachers. Yet, interactive teaching is not common in the African classroom. However, it can work in this context!


The following clip shows Eness, a teacher in a community school near Lusaka interacting with a Grade 3 class. Watch the clip of her class discussion about ''Is a bat a bird?''
{{ednote|text=
 
At this point, you should make a programme agreement, as a set of "ground rules".
'''<nowiki>[stimulus] </nowiki>'''See video -


{{video|name=Eness_vertebrates_12.mp4|duration=4:19|src=kY2Ow7PuseI}}
Record some of the outcomes from the discussion above, for instance recording ground rules like this:
* We keep a register of attendance, that will be shared with the head teacher.
* Because we respect each others time, we pledge to arrive on time, and stay for the duration of each workshop.
* We implement activities in our classroom.
* When you discuss ICT use later in this session, you should also devise a rota for ICT equipment use.
You can revisit these rules as the programme continues, but for now it is important to make them.


{{ednote|text=
'''Write the rules down on paper, and keep them available. Perhaps put them up in the room where the workshops take place. You could get participants to sign the sheet as well, to firm up the commitment.'''
(Clip shows whole class discussion of ‘is a bat a bird?’ + 1 min clip - set unresolved problem as homework)
}}
}}


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>group discussion] '''
= Brainstorm on interactive teaching =
 
* What have you noticed?
* How are the learners taught?
* How do you think they will react to the homework task?
* Is this classroom different from yours?
* What is interactive teaching?


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
'''Issues to discuss'''
You are now starting the first activity. Make sure that participants are alert and excited. If necessary, do another quick ice breaker and then launch into the first activity.


noisy but productive - A classroom can be noisy and productive at the same time
'''Record the brainstorm. '''The facilitator writes on a board or a large sheet of paper, or makes notes for everybody to see on the overhead projector. Alternatively, participants write on small pieces of paper which are placed on a table. If there are no facilities, then it is okay to not make a record.  There should be no evaluation of responses when using the brainstorming technique.


'''''interactive = inter-action (with view to sense making<nowiki>; </nowiki>i.e. purpose of inter-action is to make sense)'''''
}}


children making sense of ideas for themselves, developing their own classifications, relating to what they already know...
{{activity|wcb| on interactive teaching.|10}} Consider the following questions:
* What is interactive teaching?
* What interactive techniques do you know?
* How often have you used such techniques?


teacher not telling answer, asking students to investigate for themselves


Facilitator needs to know how to deal with criticisms (such as too noisy, too much chaos, not productive)
{{ednote|text=
What is a "whole group brainstorm"?


The road is long. But it can be done!
Make it clear to the participants that you want to hear from everyone, and that they shouldn't worry if they're not sure, but they should have a go at making a suggestion. We will develop our collective understanding as time goes on (what are teachers’ expectations?).  There are no wrong answers, just ideas.  Here we have used a number of questions to give participants an idea of how wide-ranging their responses can be.  The aim of this brainstorm is to find out what participants know, think and feel about interactive teaching.
}}


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>stimulus] '''Show '''brainstorm''' clip:
If participants are not very forthcoming, probe them with additional questions, e.g. 'What do you think interactive teaching might be? Is it the same as learner-centred teaching?'


{{video|name=Eness_vertebrates_1.mp4|duration=2:43|src=D9Uh0043m6s}}
If you are part of our “facilitators program”, use the tools provided to capture the discussion.
}}


This clip from the same Grade 3 classroom illustrates how the teacher solicits (and records) different students’ views without evaluating them.
= Brainstorming in the classroom =


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
Note that the clip shows the start of a lesson but it can be done at any point in a lesson. It shows a brainstorm – with unique contributions, allowing time to think first, ‘no hands up’ technique too.
Workshop participants continue with the discussion.
}}


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>group discussion] '''
The following activity is same-task group work, done in pairs. So for this part of the session you are doing group work, and each group is a pair. Just ask participants to turn to each other.
* What have you noticed this time?
* At what point(s) in the lesson could this be used?
* What do you think the students are learning from this?
* How are they learning?
* Can brainstorming be used with large classes too, where there isn’t time for everyone to contribute each time? How would you adapt it for this?


{{ednote|text=
The facilitator now summarises the outcomes of the discussion, first elaborating the previous brainstorm record, and then summarising by emphasising the points below and including any key points the participants have made.
}}
}}


'''Summary: '''The key to interactive teaching is ''teachers'' ''shifting “from telling to listening”'' and ''learners shifting from receiving information to making sense ''of it for themselves.  
{{activity|stgw|: Discussion in pairs about what {{activitytag| brainstorming}} looks like in the classroom.|5}} Now that we have done a brainstorm in the workshop, what does a brainstorm in the classroom look like?  Do you think your students would like this activity?  How could you make sure that all students get actively involved?  Discuss this with your neighbour.


How can we “listen” to learners? What does that mean in practice?
{{activity|wcd|: Reporting back from the discussion.|5}} Participants briefly report back from the group work.


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
'''Facilitator describes own experience of shifting to interactive teaching''' and how it is different in his/her classroom now…
Make sure that participants get the idea of what a brainstorm is.  
 
'''Evidence for impact of interactive teaching (optional)'''
 
Generally we have experienced that teachers welcome interactive ways of teaching. However, it is possible that teachers may object or have major concerns to the interactive teaching shown in the videos as well as what has emerged from this discussion. For instance, they may say that this just will not work in their classroom, that it may not work with large classes, or perhaps that such styles of teaching would not be welcome by parents or head teachers for various reasons.
 
At this stage, you could introduce interactive teaching as an international trend. Research evidence from different countries shows that this kind of active learning is both motivating and far more effective for learning than direct instruction (“chalk-and-talk” or lecturing). In particular independent, collaborative or oral work, as well as questioning and whole-class discussion that encourage pupils to grapple with ideas are effective. They lead to long-term and deeper learning rather than memorising facts (resulting in short-term, superficial learning).


The following video clip may help to reinforce the point.  
You do not need to go round all the groups. You can just ask whether people have more to add.
}}
}}


'''One Zambian teacher’s experience'''
{{activity|otr|: Watch video of a brainstorm.|5}} Watch the following video clip together. As you watch, think about the following:


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>video] '''Agness video here (Agness_eLA_contribution.mp4) http://sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1093072
{{: Video/Eness vertebrates 1.mp4/reflection }}


This two minute clip features Agness Tembo, a Grade 2 teacher from Chalimbana Basic School located in a rural area of Zambia. She is presenting at the e-Learning Africa Conference 2010 her own experiences of participating in Phase 1 of the OER4Schools research project. She talks animatedly about the challenges she faced in introducing both ICT and interactive pedagogy into her (mathematics) teaching for the first time, the benefits to students, and the qualities she needed as a teacher to make the shift successful.
{{: Video/Eness_vertebrates_1.mp4 }}


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>Think Pair Share] What does interactive teaching offer you? '''Share your thoughts with the whole group.
This clip from a Grade 3 classroom illustrates how the teacher solicits (and records) different students’ views without evaluating them.


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
''move to Section 2 after a max. of one hour ''
Note that the clip shows the start of a session but it can be done at any point in a lesson. It shows a brainstorm – with unique contributions – allowing time to think first, {{activitytag|'no hands up’}} technique.
}}


== Planning an activity - “activity template” ==
Workshop participants continue with the discussion.


In this section, we consider strategies to incorporate new interactive elements in your lessons, including things you might say, and things you might do. To help you structure your planning, we provide an activity template. It includes:
}}
* what the activity is (a technique such as a brainstorm, group work, mini blackboard use plus an activity in which it is used, eg “a brainstorm on what animals are found in your environment”),
* the grade,
* the subject & lesson topic,
* what the (learning) objective of the activity is (e.g. to find out what students already know about topic X),
* resources to be used (such as blackboard, mini blackboards, paper, objects, etc), and
* how is the activity carried out.


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>Pair activity] '''Watch the following video sequence and pause after each clip to discuss with a partner: '''What would you record on the template to capture this activity? '''(There is no need to actually write on it.)
{{activity|wcd|: Discussion on the brainstorm video.|15}} Let's now discuss this. We asked some questions above, which you should now discuss.


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>stimulus<nowiki>] [</nowiki>Eness_vertebrates_clips 2,4,6,8] (1 min. 40, 2 mins. 43, 3 mins. 43, 7 mins. 03 = 15 mins. 09 total)'''
{{ednote|text=
During the discussion, record what participants are contributing. You could do this on a piece of paper or on the board. You could also appoint a scribe who does this for you, leaving you free to manage the discussion.


{{video|name=Eness_vertebrates_2.mp4|duration=1:40|src=Spba3jdWTCs}}
Benefits of brainstorming include:
{{video|name=Eness_vertebrates_4.mp4|duration=2:43|src=R5GVSZxO5G4}}
* giving everybody an opportunity to speak,
{{video|name=Eness_vertebrates_6.mp4|duration=3:43|src=kLuxQiD9dXQ}}
* encouraging students to contribute a large range of ideas,
{{video|name=Eness_vertebrates_8.mp4|duration=7:03|src=6zi5mEiVNI8}}
* reducing the fear of risk taking, and
TOTAL: 15:09
* showing respect for all participants (making sure that students do not laugh at each other).


This video sequence contains '''four consecutive clips''' from the same lesson you saw earlier, showing:
At the end of the discussion, summarise the outcomes of the discussion, including any key points the participants have made.
*Clip 2: Students hands out blackboards themselves (active)
}}
*Clip 4: Teacher repeats and clarifies instructions; she illustrates them with nonsense classifications so students do not copy hers
*Clip 6: Groupwork using mini-blackboards: group of 5 recording under their own category of ‘animals with no legs’ and interacting as a group
*Clip 8: Group presentation: teacher detects error and asks for input from children to verify (rather than ‘telling’); she corrects error with input from class.


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>Whole Group Discussion] '''When you have discussed these clips one by one in pairs, continue with '''whole group discussion on content of clips''':
{{activity|otr|: Summary.|5}} Summarise, and discuss the proper meaning of what a brainstorm is. You can refer to [[OER4Schools/activities/brainstorming]] to find out more.
* What '''new techniques''' was Eness using this time?
* How did she ensure that children were '''active'''?
* What role did the '''mini blackboards '''play?
* How can teachers create a good '''relationship with their class''' so that children can learn?
* What kind of '''classroom atmosphere''' supports learning?


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>Pair activity] In a pair, plan your own activity for a lesson you are teaching imminently. You may want to pair up with a teacher of the same grade if this is possible.'''
{{ednote|text=
Make sure that all participants understand what a brainstorm is.


Choose one of the two techniques below and discuss with your partner what you are going to do. Record this in an [[OER4S/activity template|activity template]].  
What is the purpose of a brainstorm? It can have many purposes, but one purpose is that a brainstorm is a good way of finding out what they already know. So to go from the "known to the unknown".
}}


Questions to help you complete the template for this specific kind of activity:
= Planning an activity - “activity template” =


1. Brainstorm:
{{activity|wcd|: Discussion on activity plans.|10}}  Have a brief discussion about current practice on lesson planning. Consider such things as: Where do the lesson plans themselves come from? What do you think about the activities that are being done? Can you see a way that new activities could be introduced alongside your current lesson plans? Do you foresee any difficulties in doing this?
* What do I need to know about students’ knowledge or understanding of the topic? What will I ask them to brainstorm?
* What will I do with the results? How will we build on that in the rest of the lesson?


2. Mini blackboard activity:
{{ednote|text=
* Will individuals or pairs have a blackboard?
Discuss with the participants how they plan their lessons and how the new interactive activities that they are being introduced to can work within their current plans.
* What is the purpose of recording on a blackboard? For example, will all learners hold them up to show me their ideas? Will they discuss with peers? Will they record the results of a learning activity? Will they write or draw on the blackboards?


[[Image:Eness1.jpg]]
In designing 'activities', we do not aim to replace whole lesson plans. We simply try to make some activities in the lessons more interactive.


== Practical classroom activities and reflection  ==
}}


[[Image:plan-teach-reflect.png]]
{{activity|Introduction| to activity templates.|10}} In this section, we consider strategies to incorporate new interactive elements in your lessons, including things you might say and do. To help you structure your planning, we provide an activity template. The template includes details of:
* what the activity is (a technique such as a brainstorm, group work, mini blackboard use, plus an activity in which it is used, e.g. “a brainstorm on what animals are found in your environment”),
* the grade,
* the subject & lesson topic,
* what the (learning) objective of the activity is (e.g. to find out what students already know about topic X),
* resources to be used (such as blackboard, mini blackboards, paper, objects, etc.), and
* how the activity is carried out.


Introduce the cycle of '''ongoing reflective practice''' – comprising classroom activity, (discussion) and reflection.
{{activity|stgw|: Planning in pairs for activity templates.|10}} Break into pairs, and capture the activity (shown in the video above) in the activity template.  Remember to include the '{{activitytag|no hands up}}' technique - this works very well with brainstorming, but can also be used for general questioning.


* Part 1: Plan! (You have just done that)
= Planning a brainstorm activity =
* Part 2: Teach! (Have your lesson plan to hand.)
* Part 3: Reflect on your own and then with buddy and perhaps a wider group
* Revise plan and repeat cycle


Introduce the notion of a reflective journal to support this whole process.
{{activity|stgw|: Planning in pairs of a brainstorm activity.|5}} Break into pairs, and plan a brainstorm together. The pairs should be arranged, so that it will be possible to do this brainstorm with your class (e.g. pair by grade, or pair by subject). As you plan, share your ideas with your partner as much as possible, and listen attentively to their ideas and feedback.


Questions to guide reflection:
Here are some questions you could consider to help you plan:
* What did the children get out of the activity? How can you tell?  
* What do you need to know about students’ knowledge or understanding of the topic? What will you ask them to brainstorm about?
* How did you (as the teacher) find out what the children learnt / thought about the activities / got out of them?
* What will you do with the results? How will you build on that in the rest of the lesson?
* What did you (as the teacher) get out of it?
* What are you teaching next week?
* Did you find it difficult?  
* What is the topic of your brainstorm?
* What would you do differently next time?
* What makes for a good topic?


'''<nowiki>[</nowiki>Follow-up activity] Record your reflections to be used in the next workshop session. '''
{{activity|wcb| of participant's suggestions.|5}} Pick one or two of the brainstorms that were just planned and try them on the rest of the group.


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
'''How do teachers capture reflections? '''Simplest way is to capture on paper. These can easily be shared. But, teachers can be reluctant, and you may not get anything back. Maybe they just should write some prompts, that will remind them?  
The topic of the brainstorm needs to generate lots of ideas. Look out for topics that have correct responses and/or are narrow in scope, e.g. name the parts of a flower.  This would not be a suitable topic to brainstorm, instead the topic could be 'what do we know about flowers?'. (Further questions could be asked by the teacher as the brainstorm proceeds in order to find out the depth of the students' knowledge). Encourage participants to accept all responses without evaluation, and, if possible, to make a note of them for all to see. 
}}
 
{{activity|wcd|: Discussion of the trialled brainstorm activity.|5}} Did this work?  How do you know?  Did everyone participate?  


For the trial, also use dictaphones. How are the teachers finding that? See more expanded list of questions in the audio diary guidelines.
{{activity|stgw|: Planning in pairs to revise the planned brainstorm activity.|5}} Based on what you have learned from the brainstorm trialling activity, revise your brainstorm, making sure that you have phrased your topic in a way that will generate lots of ideas. You can do this activity in pairs, but each one of you should plan an individual brainstorm activity that you will use with your class before the next session.


You need to make concrete plans with the teachers as to when they will be using their activities.
= Follow-up activities =
}}


== Next time ==
{{activity|Agreeing follow up activities.|5}}


Don’t forget to bring your activity plans again, and your recorded reflections.  
{{fup|A}} ''Practical classroom activities and reflection.'' Complete an activity template for the brainstorm activity that you planned and revised in this session.  Do the activity with your class, and be prepared to reflect on how it went.  


(Use your dictaphone if you have one, or make notes on paper or electronically)
{{fup|B}} Don’t forget to bring your activity plans again, as well as your recorded reflections. (Use your dictaphone if you have one, or make notes on paper or electronically)


{{ednote|text=
{{ednote|text=
Line 210: Line 195:


As the facilitator, you should also do a reflection on how this first workshop went - please see facilitator reflection for Unit 1!
As the facilitator, you should also do a reflection on how this first workshop went - please see facilitator reflection for Unit 1!
}}
}}


== Activity template ==
{{setting of follow up}}
 
= Activity template =


The activity template is available on this page for printing: [[OER4Schools/activity template]]:
The activity template is available on this page for printing: [[OER4Schools/activity template]]:


{{:OER4Schools/activity template}}
{{:OER4Schools/activity template}}
{{activity summary}}
{{OER4S_NextSession}}

Latest revision as of 12:00, 4 April 2015

Learning intentions and objectives.
In this session you will learn about:

  • the interactive teaching technique of brainstorming, and how and when to use it in the classroom, and
  • activity templates for interactive teaching techniques, and how these can be introduced alongside current lesson plans.

Success criteria.
To meet the learning intentions you will:

  • plan a brainstorm activity that has the potential to generate lots of ideas,
  • complete an activity template for the brainstorm activity that has a clear learning objective,
  • do this activity in the classroom, and
  • reflect on this activity (and revise, if necessary) to ensure maximum interaction from students.

ICT components.
There are no ICT components for this session — this will start in the next session.


Introduction and ice breakers

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (30 min): Introduction to the programme.

Educator note

It is imperative that you read the text of this session and the following sessions very carefully, and clarify any issues. You should make the learning intentions and the success criteria for the sessions explicit to the participants, perhaps by writing them on the board or printing them out separately. These should be referred to when appropriate as you proceed through the session/s.

Abel photo 2.jpg

Welcome to the first workshop of the OER4Schools programme. The facilitator will now guide you through some introductory activities.

Educator note

As a facilitator, you should have read the introductory material to the programme very carefully, including "how to use this resource" and "how to run workshops".

You now start the session with an ice breaker, and then make essential arrangements.

As part of this, you have the opportunity to discuss

  • a weekly time for the workshops,
  • whether you are going to use first or second names,
  • your expectations,
  • whether participants need to come on time, or report in if they are ill,
  • keeping a register,
  • the use of the ICT equipment, and
  • any other suggestions, ideas, and concerns you may have.


Educator note

At this point, you should make a programme agreement, as a set of "ground rules".

Record some of the outcomes from the discussion above, for instance recording ground rules like this:

  • We keep a register of attendance, that will be shared with the head teacher.
  • Because we respect each others time, we pledge to arrive on time, and stay for the duration of each workshop.
  • We implement activities in our classroom.
  • When you discuss ICT use later in this session, you should also devise a rota for ICT equipment use.

You can revisit these rules as the programme continues, but for now it is important to make them.

Write the rules down on paper, and keep them available. Perhaps put them up in the room where the workshops take place. You could get participants to sign the sheet as well, to firm up the commitment.

Brainstorm on interactive teaching

Educator note

You are now starting the first activity. Make sure that participants are alert and excited. If necessary, do another quick ice breaker and then launch into the first activity.

Record the brainstorm. The facilitator writes on a board or a large sheet of paper, or makes notes for everybody to see on the overhead projector. Alternatively, participants write on small pieces of paper which are placed on a table. If there are no facilities, then it is okay to not make a record. There should be no evaluation of responses when using the brainstorming technique.

Activity icon.png Whole class brainstorm (10 min) on interactive teaching. Consider the following questions:

  • What is interactive teaching?
  • What interactive techniques do you know?
  • How often have you used such techniques?


Educator note

What is a "whole group brainstorm"?

Make it clear to the participants that you want to hear from everyone, and that they shouldn't worry if they're not sure, but they should have a go at making a suggestion. We will develop our collective understanding as time goes on (what are teachers’ expectations?). There are no wrong answers, just ideas. Here we have used a number of questions to give participants an idea of how wide-ranging their responses can be. The aim of this brainstorm is to find out what participants know, think and feel about interactive teaching.

If participants are not very forthcoming, probe them with additional questions, e.g. 'What do you think interactive teaching might be? Is it the same as learner-centred teaching?'

If you are part of our “facilitators program”, use the tools provided to capture the discussion.

Brainstorming in the classroom

Educator note

The following activity is same-task group work, done in pairs. So for this part of the session you are doing group work, and each group is a pair. Just ask participants to turn to each other.

Activity icon.png Same-task group work (5 min): Discussion in pairs about what brainstorming(a) looks like in the classroom. Now that we have done a brainstorm in the workshop, what does a brainstorm in the classroom look like? Do you think your students would like this activity? How could you make sure that all students get actively involved? Discuss this with your neighbour.

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (5 min): Reporting back from the discussion. Participants briefly report back from the group work.

Educator note

Make sure that participants get the idea of what a brainstorm is.

You do not need to go round all the groups. You can just ask whether people have more to add.

Activity icon.png Observing, thinking, reflecting (5 min): Watch video of a brainstorm. Watch the following video clip together. As you watch, think about the following:

  • What are you noticing?
  • At what point(s) in the lesson could this be used?
  • What do you think the students are learning from this?
  • How are they learning?
  • Can brainstorming be used with large classes too, where there isn’t time for everyone to contribute each time? How would you adapt it for this?
  • What are the benefits of brainstorming?
  • What makes a brainstorm successful?
  • What do you think about the teacher's comment "since I want all of you to participate, no hands up, OK"?

VIDEO

A brainstorm naming animals

A brainstorm naming animals. Start of lesson: brainstorm with unique contributions, time to think first, no hands up technique.

Video/Eness vertebrates 1.mp4, https://oer.opendeved.net/wiki/Video/Eness_vertebrates_1.mp4,This video is available on your memory stick in the video/Eness Vertebrates folder.About this video. Duration: 2:43 (Some use of "" in your query was not closed by a matching "". watch on YouTube, local play / download options / download from dropbox)(Series: Eness Vertebrates, episode 01)(Transcript available here or via YouTube captions.)

This clip from a Grade 3 classroom illustrates how the teacher solicits (and records) different students’ views without evaluating them.

Educator note

Note that the clip shows the start of a session but it can be done at any point in a lesson. It shows a brainstorm – with unique contributions – allowing time to think first, 'no hands up’(a) technique.

Workshop participants continue with the discussion.

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (15 min): Discussion on the brainstorm video. Let's now discuss this. We asked some questions above, which you should now discuss.

Educator note

During the discussion, record what participants are contributing. You could do this on a piece of paper or on the board. You could also appoint a scribe who does this for you, leaving you free to manage the discussion.

Benefits of brainstorming include:

  • giving everybody an opportunity to speak,
  • encouraging students to contribute a large range of ideas,
  • reducing the fear of risk taking, and
  • showing respect for all participants (making sure that students do not laugh at each other).

At the end of the discussion, summarise the outcomes of the discussion, including any key points the participants have made.

Activity icon.png Observing, thinking, reflecting (5 min): Summary. Summarise, and discuss the proper meaning of what a brainstorm is. You can refer to OER4Schools/activities/brainstorming to find out more.

Educator note

Make sure that all participants understand what a brainstorm is.

What is the purpose of a brainstorm? It can have many purposes, but one purpose is that a brainstorm is a good way of finding out what they already know. So to go from the "known to the unknown".

Planning an activity - “activity template”

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (10 min): Discussion on activity plans. Have a brief discussion about current practice on lesson planning. Consider such things as: Where do the lesson plans themselves come from? What do you think about the activities that are being done? Can you see a way that new activities could be introduced alongside your current lesson plans? Do you foresee any difficulties in doing this?

Educator note

Discuss with the participants how they plan their lessons and how the new interactive activities that they are being introduced to can work within their current plans.

In designing 'activities', we do not aim to replace whole lesson plans. We simply try to make some activities in the lessons more interactive.

Activity icon.png Introduction (10 min) to activity templates. In this section, we consider strategies to incorporate new interactive elements in your lessons, including things you might say and do. To help you structure your planning, we provide an activity template. The template includes details of:

  • what the activity is (a technique such as a brainstorm, group work, mini blackboard use, plus an activity in which it is used, e.g. “a brainstorm on what animals are found in your environment”),
  • the grade,
  • the subject & lesson topic,
  • what the (learning) objective of the activity is (e.g. to find out what students already know about topic X),
  • resources to be used (such as blackboard, mini blackboards, paper, objects, etc.), and
  • how the activity is carried out.

Activity icon.png Same-task group work (10 min): Planning in pairs for activity templates. Break into pairs, and capture the activity (shown in the video above) in the activity template. Remember to include the 'no hands up(a)' technique - this works very well with brainstorming, but can also be used for general questioning.

Planning a brainstorm activity

Activity icon.png Same-task group work (5 min): Planning in pairs of a brainstorm activity. Break into pairs, and plan a brainstorm together. The pairs should be arranged, so that it will be possible to do this brainstorm with your class (e.g. pair by grade, or pair by subject). As you plan, share your ideas with your partner as much as possible, and listen attentively to their ideas and feedback.

Here are some questions you could consider to help you plan:

  • What do you need to know about students’ knowledge or understanding of the topic? What will you ask them to brainstorm about?
  • What will you do with the results? How will you build on that in the rest of the lesson?
  • What are you teaching next week?
  • What is the topic of your brainstorm?
  • What makes for a good topic?

Activity icon.png Whole class brainstorm (5 min) of participant's suggestions. Pick one or two of the brainstorms that were just planned and try them on the rest of the group.

Educator note

The topic of the brainstorm needs to generate lots of ideas. Look out for topics that have correct responses and/or are narrow in scope, e.g. name the parts of a flower. This would not be a suitable topic to brainstorm, instead the topic could be 'what do we know about flowers?'. (Further questions could be asked by the teacher as the brainstorm proceeds in order to find out the depth of the students' knowledge). Encourage participants to accept all responses without evaluation, and, if possible, to make a note of them for all to see.

Activity icon.png Whole class dialogue (5 min): Discussion of the trialled brainstorm activity. Did this work? How do you know? Did everyone participate?

Activity icon.png Same-task group work (5 min): Planning in pairs to revise the planned brainstorm activity. Based on what you have learned from the brainstorm trialling activity, revise your brainstorm, making sure that you have phrased your topic in a way that will generate lots of ideas. You can do this activity in pairs, but each one of you should plan an individual brainstorm activity that you will use with your class before the next session.

Follow-up activities

Activity icon.png Agreeing follow up activities. (5 min).

Part A: Practical classroom activities and reflection. Complete an activity template for the brainstorm activity that you planned and revised in this session. Do the activity with your class, and be prepared to reflect on how it went.

Part B: Don’t forget to bring your activity plans again, as well as your recorded reflections. (Use your dictaphone if you have one, or make notes on paper or electronically)

Educator note

Remind participants to do their activities. They may want to review the notes that have been handed out, as well as read the background text available below.

As the facilitator, you should also do a reflection on how this first workshop went - please see facilitator reflection for Unit 1!

Educator note

In the next session, these follow-up activities will be reviewed. If you are using this session on its own, you can have a look at the review of follow-up activities here.


Activity template

The activity template is available on this page for printing: OER4Schools/activity template:


Downloadable version: Activity template.pdf (info)

What is the activity?

 

Grade


Subject


Lesson topic

 

What is the (learning) objective of the activity?

 

Resources used

 

How is the activity carried out? Write out all the steps in detail.

 

 

 

 

 

Here is a photograph of a completed activity template for a lesson on conduction. Note that one template can be used for multiple activities:

Completed activity template.jpeg

Educator note

At the end of each session, we provide an overview of the activities in this session, together with their suggested timings. Although this appears at the end of the session (for technical reasons), you should keep an eye on this throughout the session, to make sure that you are pacing the workshop session appropriately!

Total time: 130 (min)

Activities in this session:

  • Whole class dialogue (30 min): Introduction to the programme.
  • Whole class brainstorm (10 min) on interactive teaching.
  • Same-task group work (5 min): Discussion in pairs about what brainstorming(a) looks like in the classroom.
  • Whole class dialogue (5 min): Reporting back from the discussion.
  • Observing, thinking, reflecting (5 min): Watch video of a brainstorm.
  • Whole class dialogue (15 min): Discussion on the brainstorm video.
  • Observing, thinking, reflecting (5 min): Summary.
  • Whole class dialogue (10 min): Discussion on activity plans.
  • Introduction (10 min) to activity templates.
  • Same-task group work (10 min): Planning in pairs for activity templates.
  • Same-task group work (5 min): Planning in pairs of a brainstorm activity.
  • Whole class brainstorm (5 min) of participant's suggestions.
  • Whole class dialogue (5 min): Discussion of the trialled brainstorm activity.
  • Same-task group work (5 min): Planning in pairs to revise the planned brainstorm activity.
  • Agreeing follow up activities.(5 min).

If you have printed this session for offline use, you may also need to download the following assets:


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