OER4Schools/Facilitation/Levels of Participation
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| Title | Levels of Participation |
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| Acknowledgement | This resource is part of the OER4Schools programme. |
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Sherry Arnstein, writing in 1969 about citizen involvement in planning in the United States, described an eight-step ladder of participation. David Wilcox altered this to five stances. The "five stances of participation" are:
- Information
- Consultation
- Deciding together
- Acting together
- Supporting independent community interests
You can read more about this here: The Guide to Effective Participation - guide1.pdf (info).
References:
- Arnstein, Sherry R. "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4, July 1969, pp. 216-224. Available here.
- David Wilcox, The Guide to Effective Participation (1994), http://www.partnerships.org.uk/guide/index.htm, CC-By-NC-ND. Available here.
