OER4Schools/Facilitation/Levels of Participation: Difference between revisions
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* Arnstein, Sherry R. "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4, July 1969, pp. 216-224. [http://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html Available here.] | * Arnstein, Sherry R. "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4, July 1969, pp. 216-224. [http://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html Available here.] | ||
* David Wilcox, [[OER4Schools/Facilitation/The Guide to Effective Participation|The Guide to Effective Participation]] (1994), http://www.partnerships.org.uk/guide/index.htm, CC-By-NC-ND | * David Wilcox, [[OER4Schools/Facilitation/The Guide to Effective Participation|The Guide to Effective Participation]] (1994), http://www.partnerships.org.uk/guide/index.htm, CC-By-NC-ND. [[OER4Schools/Facilitation/The Guide to Effective Participation|Available here.]] | ||
Revision as of 15:27, 23 January 2013
Sherry Arnstein, writing in 1969 about citizen involvement in planning in the United States, described an eight-step ladder of participation. David Wilcox altered this to five stances:
- Information
- Consultation
- Deciding together
- Acting together
- Supporting independent community interests
Reference:
- Arnstein, Sherry R. "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4, July 1969, pp. 216-224. Available here.
- David Wilcox, The Guide to Effective Participation (1994), http://www.partnerships.org.uk/guide/index.htm, CC-By-NC-ND. Available here.
