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<noinclude>{{OER4SchoolsRinfo}}</noinclude> | |||
Sherry Arnstein, writing in 1969 about citizen involvement in planning in the United States, described an eight-step ladder of participation. David Wilcox altered this to five stances: | Sherry Arnstein, writing in 1969 about citizen involvement in planning in the United States, described an eight-step ladder of participation. David Wilcox altered this to five stances: | ||
* Information | * Information | ||
| Line 7: | Line 6: | ||
* Acting together | * Acting together | ||
* Supporting independent community interests | * Supporting independent community interests | ||
<includeonly>For further details, see [[OER4Schools/Facilitation/Levels of Participation|Levels of Participation]].</includeonly> | |||
You can read more about this here: {{file|The Guide to Effective Participation - guide1.pdf}}. | |||
References: | |||
* Arnstein, Sherry R. "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4, July 1969, pp. 216-224. [http://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html Available here.] | * Arnstein, Sherry R. "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4, July 1969, pp. 216-224. [http://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html Available here.] | ||
* David Wilcox, [[OER4Schools/Facilitation/The Guide to Effective Participation|The Guide to Effective Participation]] (1994), http://www.partnerships.org.uk/guide/index.htm, CC-By-NC-ND. [[OER4Schools/Facilitation/The Guide to Effective Participation|Available here.]] | * David Wilcox, [[OER4Schools/Facilitation/The Guide to Effective Participation|The Guide to Effective Participation]] (1994), http://www.partnerships.org.uk/guide/index.htm, CC-By-NC-ND. [[OER4Schools/Facilitation/The Guide to Effective Participation|Available here.]] | ||
