OER4Schools/Facilitation/Levels of Participation

Sherry Arnstein, writing in 1969 about citizen involvement in planning in the United States, described an eight-step ladder of participation. David Wilcox altered this to five stances:

• Information
• Consultation
• Deciding together
• Acting together
• Supporting independent community interests

Reference:

• Arnstein, Sherry R. "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," JAIP, Vol. 35, No. 4, July 1969, pp. 216-224.
• David Wilcox, The Guide to Effective Participation (1994), http://www.partnerships.org.uk/guide/index.htm, CC-By-NC-ND
  • The Guide to Effective Participation - guide_cover.pdf ^(info)
  • The Guide to Effective Participation - guide1.pdf ^(info)
  • The Guide to Effective Participation - guide2.pdf ^(info)
  • The Guide to Effective Participation - guide3.pdf ^(info)
  • The Guide to Effective Participation - readme.pdf ^(info)